The Development of Chinese Newspaper Publishing Printing Technology
In the 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the publication and printing of Chinese newspapers has developed along with the development of the nation and the national economy. Especially in the ten years before it entered the new century, the printing technology revolution that set off across the country has been enormous. It guaranteed and supported the development of the newspaper publishing industry, and the national newspaper industry's technological level has reached a new height one after another, and gradually entered the ranks of the international advanced level.
First, the long distance before the technical transformation of printing
Since the founding of New China, nearly 40 years from 1949 to 1988, the printing and publishing technology of the national newspapers have been using lead-lead printing technology. Before the 1970s, the development of Chinese newspaper publishing did not take place in a straight line. It was repeated. In 1950, the national newspapers, including some private newspapers of the time, had only 300 kinds. In 1958, private newspapers disappeared, and the number of newspapers reached 1,776. Due to three years of natural disasters, the "Cultural Revolution" had only 236 species left by 1976. In the initial period of reform and opening up in 1980, there were only 382 species. At that time, each newspaper reported a daily newspaper, and there was no pressure on the typesetting or printing.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the policies and policies of reform and opening up have touched all walks of life in the industry, and newspaper propaganda has taken the brunt of promoting the progress of the times. Many newspapers that had previously ceased circulation were resumed one after another. Newly-established newspapers continued to emerge. By 1985, the number of national newspapers had grown to 944, an increase of 1.4 times that of 1980 and an average annual increase of 20%. In addition, the publication of a large number of books and journals, as well as other printed materials are also developing. It is difficult to typeset and difficult to produce books. Reforming lead has become an important issue in the development of the national economy.
In order to change the backwardness of printing technology, in 1982, the State Economic Commission established the National Printing Technology Equipment Coordination Group headed by Fan Muhan, the deputy director of the former State Development Planning Commission. The Ministry of Machinery, Electronics, Light Industry, Culture, and Publications The responsible ministers of the relevant ministries and commissions, including the Ministry of Education and the Central Propaganda Department and Xinhua News Agency, participated in this work. The coordination group has fully deployed scientific research and production related to the printing industry, such as printing presses, computers, imagesetters, papermaking, inks, plates, and films, from planning, technology, and funding. From the “6th Five-Year Plan†and “Seventh Five-Year Plan†to the “Ninth Five-Year Plan†period, there are specific arrangements every year, which has played a decisive role in promoting the printing industry in the country.
In 1985, the Central Propaganda Department, in conjunction with the overall arrangement of the state for the revitalization of the printing industry, gave priority to the development of technological transformation of newspaper publishing and printing, set up a newspaper planning group to promote the technical transformation of newspaper printing, and approved the approval of the central government to provide additional The corresponding funds. All provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and autonomous regions have also provided varying degrees of support for the technological transformation of the provincial newspapers in accordance with this spirit.
In August 1974, in order to solve the issue of modernization of Chinese characters publications, the “748†project established by the relevant ministries and commissions played a key role in the transformation of printing technology in the country. The "748" Engineering Research Group used nearly 6 years from 1974 to 1980 to conduct investigations and studies, and repeated analysis and experimentation to determine Chinese character typesetting. It was impossible to go abroad through the first generation of manual phototaking, the second generation of photoelectromechanical Photoetching, the third generation of the cathode ray tube photographing the old road, directly develop their own fourth-generation laser imagesetter. Due to the large number of Chinese character fonts, large number of words, and large amount of information, Prof. Wang Xuan of Peking University invented the technique of compressing and restoring two digits of dot matrix information at high magnification, which solved the key problem of Chinese typesetting. In 1981, a prototype of a Chinese typesetting type Chinese character editing typesetting laser typesetting system was developed. Based on this, from 1982 to 1984, after three years of research and development at the Xinhua News Agency, the Huaguang II-type machine for the computer Chinese character editing and typesetting system was developed, and the work of publishing books, periodicals, and tabloids can be done by computer. In April 1985, it passed the national appraisal.
On December 1, 1987, at the meeting of the Economic Daily, the Huaguang III computerized laser character editing typesetting system passed the ministerial level technical appraisal. Since then, it has announced the success of the Chinese character laser photocopying system and can be mass-produced.
Second, China's newspaper industry's technological revolution
The previous product development of the Huaguang III system was jointly conducted by Peking University and Weifang and sold by Weifang Computer Company. In early 1988, Peking University set up its own new technology company and started production of the photocopying system. Its products are the results jointly developed by the two parties, the Huaguang IV system.
In March 1988, in order to strengthen the coordination and management of the newspaper industry, the China Association of Newspaper Industry Business Management Associations, now the China Press Association, was established. In June of the same year, the Technical Improvement Committee under the association was established. About one hundred people from major newspapers across the country attended the conference. Professor Wang Xuan of Peking University and Xiangyang, Chief Engineer of Weifang Computer Co., Ltd. all gave technical reports on the layout type laser photosetting system for newspapers. . This conference is tantamount to a national mobilization meeting that specifically promoted the laser photocopying system to replace the lead operation and conducted a technical revolution on the newspaper printing system.
During the first three years from 1988 to 1990, Peking University and Weifang on the one hand paid close attention to production and sales. On the one hand, they carried out propaganda and arranged training. The Press Association’s Committee for Technical Progress meets every year to promote exchanges. Each newspaper learns from each other. In each of the three years, the central newspapers, 60% of the provincial newspapers and newspapers, and a few local newspapers have taken photos. By 1993, from the central government to the municipalities, the nationwide newspapers published a comprehensive laser photocopying system, and the industry eliminated the use of lead. In terms of using computers to transform traditional industries, their popularity is wide and their speed is fast, which is rare in other industries. The technological revolution completed by the newspaper industry laid the foundation for the development of the newspaper industry in the future.
The newspaper began its technical research in 1985. At that time, it focused mainly on the newspaper typesetting section of the printing section. After the technology matured in 1988, computer applications expanded step by step to various related businesses.
(a) Established its own database. Each newspaper office has a huge data room that stores a large number of paper-based newspapers, books and related materials, especially its own newspapers. The longer the history of the newspapers, the more the old newspapers accumulate, not only occupying many rooms, but also To prevent moisture, insects, fire, but also to find bulky and inconvenient. After computer typesetting occurs, the storability of data, daily newspapers and newspapers after publication occupy computer capacity. These data can be read and reprinted at any time, and the task of establishing a database is on the agenda. Some large newspapers go ahead and do not store large numbers of newspapers. They also process the previous newspapers and other materials into data and store them in databases. This greatly reduces the size and workload of the data room and gradually connects them to all computers. You can search in time and you don't have to look for information as you would a book. The newspaper database was developed around 1995 and began to be a CD-ROM. In recent years, it has developed into an internet network, established its own website, opened its own door, and not only communicated with newspapers and all walks of life in China, but also established communication with the international community. bridge.
(b) The image processing has been digitized. In order to solve the problem of the transmission and storage of printed and full-page data, computer-scanning technologies for pictures and advertisements began in 1989. They began to adopt low-resolution, small-format black-and-white scanners and gradually developed them into scanners using high-precision large-format printers. . Before and after 1993, in order to adapt to the publication of color newspapers, the printers of the electronic color separation machine originally used high-end networking to realize dataization. Most of the original electronic extensions were directly on the desktop color processing system (DTP), supporting the color. The development of the newspaper.
(c) The development of long-distance transmission of newspaper layout data. Due to its vast territory, China has been conducting missions in other countries since the 1950s in order to make newspapers available throughout the country. "People's Daily" established the first batch of aeroplane printing spots in Chongqing and Shenyang in 1953 (that is, a paper type for shipping leaded plates), and it will be developed to 20 spots in the future. Various other central newspapers have also established their own on-site printing sites. Before the 1970s, any areas that were relatively far away could be transferred to airplanes for transportation, and the nearest areas were transported by train. In November 1969, the People's Daily established the first radio-facsimile printing spot in Chengdu. Afterwards, other newspapers were also adopted successively. After the realization of computer typesetting, in August 1990, "Economic Daily" realized the satellite transmission from Beijing to Guangzhou for the first time, and the telephone transmission to Shanghai was also opened. By 1992, the People’s Daily, the People’s Liberation Army Daily, and the Xinhua News Agency established their own satellite transmission systems. The central government reported on behalf of the central government in other places, and some provinces reported on behalf of the printing industry in the province, which was developed from less than 100 in 1980. By the year of 2000, over 300 satellites, optical cables and telephones were all remotely transmitted.
(D) The editor began to put down paper and pen. The use of computers in newspaper publishing started with the typesetting and imposition processes of printing plants. By the year 1993, the revolution in typesetting technology was implemented nationwide, which greatly improved work efficiency and enhanced the timeliness and ability of publishing. However, the work of the editorial department still used paper writing and rewriting on paper and counted the number of characters on the paper. , typesetting. Beginning in 1992, some newspapers that had strong technical strengths and completed the laser photocopying process first started to experiment with computer companies to directly use computer operations, and developed computerized interview editing systems. After two years of development and practice, by 1994 basically completed the hardware and various software that this system can use. The basic contents of this system include: First, journalists and editors use computer to write and revising manuscripts; working procedures such as mass submissions and special manuscripts all flow on computer networks; The deletion, modification, and decision of chief editors are all embodied on the computer, and the traces of each work are retained, the work permissions are limited, and the safety of editorial work is guaranteed. The system is networked with the database and can be directly viewed or selected for transfer into the report. The system includes the division of labor of each edition, the edition and the cooperation with advertisements, and so on. After several years of development and popularization, by the year 2000, major newspapers throughout the country have adopted universally, which has obviously improved work efficiency. Due to the different institutional settings and permissions of each newspaper, the requirements for these different personalities were also considered in the system development configuration. At present, some newspapers have already done a direct edition of the editors until they output photos. Editors and reporters put down paper and pens, operate computers, and call it the second revolution in China's newspaper industry.
(e) Began to digitally reform the plate making process. In order to shorten the publishing cycle and improve the printing quality, in May 1998, the Guangdong Yangcheng Evening News was the first company in China to use computer-to-plate (CTP) technology. In October 1999, Beijing Daily also introduced this technology. In 2000, there were successively Hubei Daily, Shanghai Wenhui, Xinmin Evening News, and Zhejiang Daily. This technology has significantly shortened the publication time. For example, the evening paper is printed at 12 noon, and the final layout is 11:30. Due to the use of computer controls, it is difficult to accurately change the artificial imposition, and the overlay error is increased from ±0.015 mm to ±0.005 mm. This technology is gradually being promoted throughout the country.
(6) Development of printing machine technology CNC. Most offset presses imported from the 1980s to the 1990s were equipped with keel conveyors and counting stackers. 1995 People's Daily
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