The Anthropological Perspective of Body-building Exercises and Its Historical Evolution
2022-12-11 04:05:45
The Anthropological Perspective of Body-building Exercise and Its Historical Evolution:2017-05-06 15:51
Hong Hui 1 Zhuang Yi 2 (1. Department of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Technology, 510090; 2. School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, 510640) With the continuous development of human society, fitness activities run through all aspects of human life, food, housing, and living. In other words, the history of fitness exercise can be traced back to ancient times. Pursuit of the history of the evolution of human fitness activities has a positive significance for today’s deeper understanding of fitness. In the early period of human society, the budding period was extremely harsh in natural conditions. People’s living conditions were extremely difficult and productivity was quite backward. The challenges that humans face are mainly from the natural world. People's production and labor and other social practices are more of a manifestation of the animal's instinct for survival. In the modern sense, fitness cannot be discussed. However, during the long historical process, the structure and function of the brain of the working people have undergone tremendous changes, and the role of thinking in social practice has become increasingly prominent. With the accumulation of struggles with nature and the fighting experience between the tribes, simple tools such as stone knives, stone sticks, stone spears, bows and arrows began to appear, and there were trainings such as running, throwing, climbing, and defense. People gradually find that some physical activities that develop around survival can bring about positive changes to the body and spirit, and improve their own survival skills. Therefore, in the activities of fishing and hunting, wars, clan rally, election of chiefs, celebration of victory, sacrifices, etc., incorporation of criticism and strengthening of physical qualities, the consciousness of human fitness has sprouted. For example, the history of the “swelling dance†recorded by Lu Shiyin Kang’s and the related records in the Yellow Emperor’s internal canal reflect the fact that humans have begun a conscious exercise to improve their health and enhance their physical fitness. If the primitive social social practice and the primitive social culture gave birth to the seeds of fitness, then the emergence of private ownership, class, and state machine provided fertile ground for the fitness exercise. In the process of the development of human society from low level to high level, the weakening of human biology and the enhancement of sociality is an inevitable trend. The original characteristics of the “unspecified†physiological structure, indeterminacy in the reaction mechanism, and incompleteness in the function of survival presuppose that the consciousness of human beings to transform themselves will become more and more intense. About 2,500 years ago was carved on the rock of Elados in ancient Greece. "Do you want to be strong, run! Do you want to fit, run! Do you want to be smart, run!" is the best example. With the increase in the level of social division of labor and productivity, physical strength and intelligence are gradually separated in the production process. It is natural for fitness activities to be recognized and developed in the social fields such as philosophy, education, military, medicine, and religion. However, due to the great differences in the regional culture of the East and the West, people have different characteristics in the way they practice fitness and their understanding. Western civilization, represented by ancient Greece, believes that the bodybuilding body is a wide-brimmed chest, a flexible and strong neck, a bear-bearing torso, and blocks of raised muscles. This understanding of physical culture has quickly been inherited and carried forward. For example, Aristotle, an ancient Greek thinker, put forward the idea that "life is movement." The philosopher Socrates believes that all human activities cannot be separated from the body, the body must maintain efficient work, and the beauty of strength and muscle can only be obtained through the body. Weakness is shame. In ancient Rome, a doctor named Galen wrote a book about advocating fitness. He divided the movement into arm, trunk, and leg movements, and listed some sports items such as moving and lifting heavy objects and climbing ropes. This has had a huge impact on modern fitness. On the other hand, in the East, medical care, health care, and health care have led the development of fitness. Early in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties in ancient China, there was the principle of keeping one's health, the principle of “righteousness and evil, and irrelevantness,†and the principle of “singing yin and yang to adjust the hardness and softnessâ€. The traditional Chinese health theory holds that the movements of the human body are related to the prosperous life of refined, gas, and God. Therefore, it emphasizes the combination of movement and movement and moderation. Since then, the methods of folk martial arts have gradually combined with certain physical and physical methods (such as health preservation and gas smelting), resulting in a practice method and system that is different from the practice of the military. It has become an improvement and development of human fitness, and has been enhanced. A physical sport of human constitution. With the mutual penetration of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and medicine, many sports health care and rehabilitation methods have emerged widely, and they have been handed down in a large number of works such as Ba Duan Jin, Biology, and Health Preservation. In ancient India, influenced by Brahmanism and Buddhism, ancient Indians generally valued the practice of the soul and neglected physical exercise, but they attached great importance to public health and health care. Some well-known medical scientists advocate maintaining and restoring health through physical exercise, oiling, and massage. For example, Caracca advocates preventing disease, reducing obesity, helping digestion, repairing appearance, and postponing aging through exercise. In addition, the ancient Indians created a special exercise method of yoga by combining many sitting positions and multiple breathing methods to strengthen the cultivation of the body and mind. The success of the bourgeois revolution and the arrival of the industrial revolution in the modern fitness movement during the formation and development of the second period promoted the advancement of production technology and the development of class conflicts, and also changed the social thinking and lifestyle. The transformation of social production methods has on the one hand promoted people’s new understanding of the fitness movement. For example, bourgeois rulers gradually realized that through physical exercise, they can improve the health of workers, enhance their physical strength and energy, and reduce illness. The rate increases the attendance rate and labor efficiency of laborers and saves medical and health expenses. On the other hand, it has also promoted the formation and development of modern science and technology. Physiology, psychology and other disciplines have been widely applied to the study of fitness training. By the early 20th century, fitness books, magazines and magazines such as the law of muscle development, the secret of strength, health and fitness, and sports were published one after another. The methods of fitness training have been greatly developed theoretically. Among them, Sandow, the founder of the bodybuilding movement, focused on his entire life spanning his entire life. He developed a set of muscle-building methods from practice. At the same time, he also set up sports schools, publicized bodybuilding movements, established physical education classes, taught bodybuilding enthusiasts around the world fitness training methods, and he had physical cultivation methods. This is an early published book on fitness training methods and system fitness. At the same time, due to the unbalanced development of capitalism and the intensification of nationalist tendencies, colonial expansion has caused wars between countries and physical training has become a suitable means for military service. As a result, Yang's Gymnastics and Lin's Gymnastics, represented by Germany and Sweden, as well as outdoor and competitive sports in the United Kingdom, have emerged, which have had an important impact on the choice of fitness methods and methods. On the other hand, colonial expansion has also greatly promoted the integration and common development of fitness exercises in all countries of the world. Western modern sports and fitness methods have spread all over the world one after another. Eastern martial arts, yoga, taekwondo and so on have also had a tremendous impact in the western world. III. In the period of independence and differentiation of the modern fitness movement, after the Second World War, information technology and technology centered on microelectronics technology used to cause halo in sports. Jiang Jun, Li Yue, Chen Jie, Gao Rongku 1 (1. Ying Yu, Yingkou City, Liaoning Province, China District Experimental High School, 115007; 2. Yingkou City No. 27 Middle School, 115007) I remember that during a lung capacity test, a third-year student suddenly fell to the ground when he was blowing. Since the class had no idiosyncratic students, after thinking about this, the author judged that the student was suffering from syncope due to lack of blood supply and transient cerebral hypoxia. The author immediately knelt down and placed it in a supine position; afterwards, he helped the head and pushed hard on the person, and shouted out her name. After a short while, the student could not open his eyes for one of his reflections: both scores. Facing the progression to higher education, the examination sports holds a certain score. In sports class scores, sports scores are particularly important. It is precisely because of the score that the students have not achieved the full score and never stopped their minds during the practice. Therefore, there is a scene in which China and Vietnam blew their breath, resulting in their own blow to the ground. In view of this problem, the author believes that when teaching, teachers should correctly guide students to observe the relationship between their own quality and test scores, and do not rush to succeed; teachers should also abandon the idea of ​​quick success and instant benefit, and each class should control the students scientifically and reasonably. Practice excitement and avoid injuries caused by excessive exercise and fatigue. Do not blindly pursue the quality of teaching and neglect teaching safety. Reflection 2: The safety plan should be completed before class. Teachers should fully consider the safety precautions of the taught content before teaching, and minimize the occurrence of injury accidents. Reflection 3: Beware of syncope in sports. In the process of sports, syncope occurs from time to time. As first-line teachers, you should learn some knowledge about syncope. Taking this case as an example, in addition to standing still immediately after a sprint or standing still for a long time, sudden rise after a long period of time can cause syncope, and lung capacity can also cause syncope. At that time, the student was eager to blow full marks and was too nervous. It was one of the causes of syncope. On the other hand, because she had blown too many times, she had repeatedly inhaled and insufflated her and caused her chest and lung pressure to increase. Insufficient blood supply to the brain eventually causes syncope. Teachers working at the front line of physical education should always be alert to syncope occurring in normal physical education classes, physical activity classes, or amateur training. For this reason, the author suggests that teachers use indoor lessons to make courseware or cite specific examples to educate students. When the outdoor class is giving technical explanations, it should be concise, remembering that students should not be allowed to stand for a long time (especially during the hot summer), and that students should not be able to stand up suddenly; when organizing students' uniform exercises, they should pay more attention to the reasonableness of practice and rest. Arrangements; In amateur training, students should avoid excessive excretion, especially if the students have not yet matured. When there is a pre-syncope sign, you should immediately lean over or lie down. Symptoms before syncope: general weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, black eyes, nausea, sweating, pale, etc.; syncope occurred afterwards, suddenly fell to the ground, at this time the patient's perception of loss, pale, cold hands and feet, slow pulse Weak, slow breathing. Generally after a moment of fainting, the patient will wake up because of anemia of brain anemia; but after awakening, his spirit is not good, and he still feels dizzy and weak. In the event of syncope, the patient should be placed in a relatively quiet, warm environment, relieving his collar belt, rubbing his face with a hot towel, and pushing the calf from the lower leg to the thigh and kneading with his whole hand; Or pick up some of them, Baihui, Hegu, and Yongquan, or smell ammonia. If vomiting occurs, the patient's head should be biased to one side; if the breathing stops, artificial respiration should be done. After resuming consciousness, you can drink some hot drinks and pay attention to rest. Many causes of syncope, in addition to the above-mentioned several kinds, such as heart, cardiovascular and other diseases, can also lead to syncope. Specific analysis of the specific circumstances, take appropriate countermeasures, and promptly sent to the hospital for treatment. B surgery quickly pushed humans from the industrial society to the so-called "third wave" of the information society. This fundamental change has accelerated the development of social productivity and accelerated the pace of work and life. On the one hand, it brings more benefits and convenience to mankind, which increases leisure time, greatly improves living conditions and lifestyle, and improves the quality of life. On the other hand, due to the strain on work and life, environmental pollution, ecological imbalances and excess nutrients, all kinds of hazards have been caused to human health. The so-called "modern civilization syndrome" has emerged as the times require. The rapid economic development has caused the destruction of nature to become increasingly serious; the competition in the industrialized society has led people to bear a strong sense of psychological tension and depression; modern production methods and lifestyles make people less opportunity for physical exercise; 70s of the last century Since then, Western developed countries have entered an aging society. With the advent of an aging society, the cost of health care for the people has increased substantially, putting a heavy burden on the national economies of Western countries. All this provides a social basis for the rise and development of modern fitness. Since people realized that fitness exercise has become an indispensable means for the survival, enjoyment, and development of human beings in modern society, fitness sports have developed rapidly in various countries in the world in just a few decades. Various governments have established various institutions and implemented various policies and regulations. Vigorously develop the national fitness campaign, aiming at strengthening the study of fitness exercise and exploring the methods of fitness training to improve people's health level and quality of life, and solve “health problems†and the “economic problems†and “social problems†that accompany them. . Numerous bodybuilding groups and institutions have been established one after another. They provide important guarantees for extensive exercise and communication among people throughout the world. Fitness has ushered in the age of globalization. It is not difficult to see that with the rise of the "third wave" after the Second World War, fitness began to enter a period of independence and differentiation. Fitness has become one of the most important aspects of modern people's lifestyle, and it is also the primary symbol of a significant increase in the quality of human life in the 21st century. During this period, due to the importance of fitness by governments of all countries in the world, people's awareness of fitness has been continuously improved, prompting the rapid development of modern fitness at an unprecedented speed. It is mainly reflected in the continuous updating of the theory of fitness exercises, the emergence of a large number of fitness groups, organizations and institutions, and the continuous maturity of the management of fitness, and the acceleration of its legalization process. B
Hong Hui 1 Zhuang Yi 2 (1. Department of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Technology, 510090; 2. School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, 510640) With the continuous development of human society, fitness activities run through all aspects of human life, food, housing, and living. In other words, the history of fitness exercise can be traced back to ancient times. Pursuit of the history of the evolution of human fitness activities has a positive significance for today’s deeper understanding of fitness. In the early period of human society, the budding period was extremely harsh in natural conditions. People’s living conditions were extremely difficult and productivity was quite backward. The challenges that humans face are mainly from the natural world. People's production and labor and other social practices are more of a manifestation of the animal's instinct for survival. In the modern sense, fitness cannot be discussed. However, during the long historical process, the structure and function of the brain of the working people have undergone tremendous changes, and the role of thinking in social practice has become increasingly prominent. With the accumulation of struggles with nature and the fighting experience between the tribes, simple tools such as stone knives, stone sticks, stone spears, bows and arrows began to appear, and there were trainings such as running, throwing, climbing, and defense. People gradually find that some physical activities that develop around survival can bring about positive changes to the body and spirit, and improve their own survival skills. Therefore, in the activities of fishing and hunting, wars, clan rally, election of chiefs, celebration of victory, sacrifices, etc., incorporation of criticism and strengthening of physical qualities, the consciousness of human fitness has sprouted. For example, the history of the “swelling dance†recorded by Lu Shiyin Kang’s and the related records in the Yellow Emperor’s internal canal reflect the fact that humans have begun a conscious exercise to improve their health and enhance their physical fitness. If the primitive social social practice and the primitive social culture gave birth to the seeds of fitness, then the emergence of private ownership, class, and state machine provided fertile ground for the fitness exercise. In the process of the development of human society from low level to high level, the weakening of human biology and the enhancement of sociality is an inevitable trend. The original characteristics of the “unspecified†physiological structure, indeterminacy in the reaction mechanism, and incompleteness in the function of survival presuppose that the consciousness of human beings to transform themselves will become more and more intense. About 2,500 years ago was carved on the rock of Elados in ancient Greece. "Do you want to be strong, run! Do you want to fit, run! Do you want to be smart, run!" is the best example. With the increase in the level of social division of labor and productivity, physical strength and intelligence are gradually separated in the production process. It is natural for fitness activities to be recognized and developed in the social fields such as philosophy, education, military, medicine, and religion. However, due to the great differences in the regional culture of the East and the West, people have different characteristics in the way they practice fitness and their understanding. Western civilization, represented by ancient Greece, believes that the bodybuilding body is a wide-brimmed chest, a flexible and strong neck, a bear-bearing torso, and blocks of raised muscles. This understanding of physical culture has quickly been inherited and carried forward. For example, Aristotle, an ancient Greek thinker, put forward the idea that "life is movement." The philosopher Socrates believes that all human activities cannot be separated from the body, the body must maintain efficient work, and the beauty of strength and muscle can only be obtained through the body. Weakness is shame. In ancient Rome, a doctor named Galen wrote a book about advocating fitness. He divided the movement into arm, trunk, and leg movements, and listed some sports items such as moving and lifting heavy objects and climbing ropes. This has had a huge impact on modern fitness. On the other hand, in the East, medical care, health care, and health care have led the development of fitness. Early in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties in ancient China, there was the principle of keeping one's health, the principle of “righteousness and evil, and irrelevantness,†and the principle of “singing yin and yang to adjust the hardness and softnessâ€. The traditional Chinese health theory holds that the movements of the human body are related to the prosperous life of refined, gas, and God. Therefore, it emphasizes the combination of movement and movement and moderation. Since then, the methods of folk martial arts have gradually combined with certain physical and physical methods (such as health preservation and gas smelting), resulting in a practice method and system that is different from the practice of the military. It has become an improvement and development of human fitness, and has been enhanced. A physical sport of human constitution. With the mutual penetration of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and medicine, many sports health care and rehabilitation methods have emerged widely, and they have been handed down in a large number of works such as Ba Duan Jin, Biology, and Health Preservation. In ancient India, influenced by Brahmanism and Buddhism, ancient Indians generally valued the practice of the soul and neglected physical exercise, but they attached great importance to public health and health care. Some well-known medical scientists advocate maintaining and restoring health through physical exercise, oiling, and massage. For example, Caracca advocates preventing disease, reducing obesity, helping digestion, repairing appearance, and postponing aging through exercise. In addition, the ancient Indians created a special exercise method of yoga by combining many sitting positions and multiple breathing methods to strengthen the cultivation of the body and mind. The success of the bourgeois revolution and the arrival of the industrial revolution in the modern fitness movement during the formation and development of the second period promoted the advancement of production technology and the development of class conflicts, and also changed the social thinking and lifestyle. The transformation of social production methods has on the one hand promoted people’s new understanding of the fitness movement. For example, bourgeois rulers gradually realized that through physical exercise, they can improve the health of workers, enhance their physical strength and energy, and reduce illness. The rate increases the attendance rate and labor efficiency of laborers and saves medical and health expenses. On the other hand, it has also promoted the formation and development of modern science and technology. Physiology, psychology and other disciplines have been widely applied to the study of fitness training. By the early 20th century, fitness books, magazines and magazines such as the law of muscle development, the secret of strength, health and fitness, and sports were published one after another. The methods of fitness training have been greatly developed theoretically. Among them, Sandow, the founder of the bodybuilding movement, focused on his entire life spanning his entire life. He developed a set of muscle-building methods from practice. At the same time, he also set up sports schools, publicized bodybuilding movements, established physical education classes, taught bodybuilding enthusiasts around the world fitness training methods, and he had physical cultivation methods. This is an early published book on fitness training methods and system fitness. At the same time, due to the unbalanced development of capitalism and the intensification of nationalist tendencies, colonial expansion has caused wars between countries and physical training has become a suitable means for military service. As a result, Yang's Gymnastics and Lin's Gymnastics, represented by Germany and Sweden, as well as outdoor and competitive sports in the United Kingdom, have emerged, which have had an important impact on the choice of fitness methods and methods. On the other hand, colonial expansion has also greatly promoted the integration and common development of fitness exercises in all countries of the world. Western modern sports and fitness methods have spread all over the world one after another. Eastern martial arts, yoga, taekwondo and so on have also had a tremendous impact in the western world. III. In the period of independence and differentiation of the modern fitness movement, after the Second World War, information technology and technology centered on microelectronics technology used to cause halo in sports. Jiang Jun, Li Yue, Chen Jie, Gao Rongku 1 (1. Ying Yu, Yingkou City, Liaoning Province, China District Experimental High School, 115007; 2. Yingkou City No. 27 Middle School, 115007) I remember that during a lung capacity test, a third-year student suddenly fell to the ground when he was blowing. Since the class had no idiosyncratic students, after thinking about this, the author judged that the student was suffering from syncope due to lack of blood supply and transient cerebral hypoxia. The author immediately knelt down and placed it in a supine position; afterwards, he helped the head and pushed hard on the person, and shouted out her name. After a short while, the student could not open his eyes for one of his reflections: both scores. Facing the progression to higher education, the examination sports holds a certain score. In sports class scores, sports scores are particularly important. It is precisely because of the score that the students have not achieved the full score and never stopped their minds during the practice. Therefore, there is a scene in which China and Vietnam blew their breath, resulting in their own blow to the ground. In view of this problem, the author believes that when teaching, teachers should correctly guide students to observe the relationship between their own quality and test scores, and do not rush to succeed; teachers should also abandon the idea of ​​quick success and instant benefit, and each class should control the students scientifically and reasonably. Practice excitement and avoid injuries caused by excessive exercise and fatigue. Do not blindly pursue the quality of teaching and neglect teaching safety. Reflection 2: The safety plan should be completed before class. Teachers should fully consider the safety precautions of the taught content before teaching, and minimize the occurrence of injury accidents. Reflection 3: Beware of syncope in sports. In the process of sports, syncope occurs from time to time. As first-line teachers, you should learn some knowledge about syncope. Taking this case as an example, in addition to standing still immediately after a sprint or standing still for a long time, sudden rise after a long period of time can cause syncope, and lung capacity can also cause syncope. At that time, the student was eager to blow full marks and was too nervous. It was one of the causes of syncope. On the other hand, because she had blown too many times, she had repeatedly inhaled and insufflated her and caused her chest and lung pressure to increase. Insufficient blood supply to the brain eventually causes syncope. Teachers working at the front line of physical education should always be alert to syncope occurring in normal physical education classes, physical activity classes, or amateur training. For this reason, the author suggests that teachers use indoor lessons to make courseware or cite specific examples to educate students. When the outdoor class is giving technical explanations, it should be concise, remembering that students should not be allowed to stand for a long time (especially during the hot summer), and that students should not be able to stand up suddenly; when organizing students' uniform exercises, they should pay more attention to the reasonableness of practice and rest. Arrangements; In amateur training, students should avoid excessive excretion, especially if the students have not yet matured. When there is a pre-syncope sign, you should immediately lean over or lie down. Symptoms before syncope: general weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, black eyes, nausea, sweating, pale, etc.; syncope occurred afterwards, suddenly fell to the ground, at this time the patient's perception of loss, pale, cold hands and feet, slow pulse Weak, slow breathing. Generally after a moment of fainting, the patient will wake up because of anemia of brain anemia; but after awakening, his spirit is not good, and he still feels dizzy and weak. In the event of syncope, the patient should be placed in a relatively quiet, warm environment, relieving his collar belt, rubbing his face with a hot towel, and pushing the calf from the lower leg to the thigh and kneading with his whole hand; Or pick up some of them, Baihui, Hegu, and Yongquan, or smell ammonia. If vomiting occurs, the patient's head should be biased to one side; if the breathing stops, artificial respiration should be done. After resuming consciousness, you can drink some hot drinks and pay attention to rest. Many causes of syncope, in addition to the above-mentioned several kinds, such as heart, cardiovascular and other diseases, can also lead to syncope. Specific analysis of the specific circumstances, take appropriate countermeasures, and promptly sent to the hospital for treatment. B surgery quickly pushed humans from the industrial society to the so-called "third wave" of the information society. This fundamental change has accelerated the development of social productivity and accelerated the pace of work and life. On the one hand, it brings more benefits and convenience to mankind, which increases leisure time, greatly improves living conditions and lifestyle, and improves the quality of life. On the other hand, due to the strain on work and life, environmental pollution, ecological imbalances and excess nutrients, all kinds of hazards have been caused to human health. The so-called "modern civilization syndrome" has emerged as the times require. The rapid economic development has caused the destruction of nature to become increasingly serious; the competition in the industrialized society has led people to bear a strong sense of psychological tension and depression; modern production methods and lifestyles make people less opportunity for physical exercise; 70s of the last century Since then, Western developed countries have entered an aging society. With the advent of an aging society, the cost of health care for the people has increased substantially, putting a heavy burden on the national economies of Western countries. All this provides a social basis for the rise and development of modern fitness. Since people realized that fitness exercise has become an indispensable means for the survival, enjoyment, and development of human beings in modern society, fitness sports have developed rapidly in various countries in the world in just a few decades. Various governments have established various institutions and implemented various policies and regulations. Vigorously develop the national fitness campaign, aiming at strengthening the study of fitness exercise and exploring the methods of fitness training to improve people's health level and quality of life, and solve “health problems†and the “economic problems†and “social problems†that accompany them. . Numerous bodybuilding groups and institutions have been established one after another. They provide important guarantees for extensive exercise and communication among people throughout the world. Fitness has ushered in the age of globalization. It is not difficult to see that with the rise of the "third wave" after the Second World War, fitness began to enter a period of independence and differentiation. Fitness has become one of the most important aspects of modern people's lifestyle, and it is also the primary symbol of a significant increase in the quality of human life in the 21st century. During this period, due to the importance of fitness by governments of all countries in the world, people's awareness of fitness has been continuously improved, prompting the rapid development of modern fitness at an unprecedented speed. It is mainly reflected in the continuous updating of the theory of fitness exercises, the emergence of a large number of fitness groups, organizations and institutions, and the continuous maturity of the management of fitness, and the acceleration of its legalization process. B
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