The "old rules" used by traditional Chinese woodworking tools, you need to know

Woodworking is a very important process in the production of classical furniture. It involves the cutting of materials, the selection of materials, the opening of hoes and the assembly, all of which reflect the skills of the master craftsmen. Traditional woodworking tools such as chisels, planes, shovel, and ink fountains still circulate the wisdom of Chinese traditional craftsmen...

Based on the experience of generations, the carpenter summed up the various proverbs used by the tools, such as the importance of carpenter tools: "Pushing (planing) knife axe saw, curved ruler ink line, chiseling hammer hammer, seven pieces like home It’s not a surprise to travel all over the world.” So, what other interesting sayings do carpenters have?

Axe

The axe is a traditional woodworking tool used primarily for cutting wood. The axe is divided into a single-edged axe and a double-edged axe. The blade of the single-edged axe is on one side and is suitable for fine machining. The blade of the double-edged axe is in the middle and is suitable for rough machining.

The use of an axe to "cut" is the basic skill of traditional woodworking. The so-called "one-year axe three-year planing", "a thousand days of abundance, a hundred-day axe, to learn a big saw for one morning" and other proverbs are all about the difficulty of grasping the axe.

There is also a flaw in using an axe. For example, when cutting, cutting the edge with an axe needs to distinguish the wood, cut the texture of the wood before cutting the material, and cut the axe from the direction of the smooth; when the texture of the wood is straight, the side can be cut into three or two. The efficiency is higher than the saw, which is the origin of the saying "fast saw is not as blunt".

In fact, the use of the axe is not only this, it is also the best tapping tool for chiseling. It is much better than the hammer. The axe is traversed. The bottom area is much larger than the hammer. It is not easy to hit the hand and the weight is better than the hammer. Much more. It is also very useful to use axe to cut the wooden wedge. In the era of no power tools, the axe is a tool for woodworking, and the carpenter is very concerned about his axe.

Saw

The saw is one of the traditional woodworking tools used for the horizontal cutting and longitudinal decomposition of the wood. The history of metal saws can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. There is already a description in "Mozi" that "the door is not worthy of axe." The strip saw blade is also called "saw blade". The sawing angle is generally inclined at an angle of 45°. The saw teeth are separated one by one to the left and right, which facilitates the reciprocating operation of the saw blade in the kerf.

Among them, the frame saw, the saw blade is mounted on one side, the other side is equipped with a rope frame wrapped and twisted, and the bamboo is fixed, which can adjust the saw blade to be tight and angle, which is very reasonable and convenient. The frame saw can be divided into three types: thick, medium and thin according to the length of the saw blade and the pitch. The rough saw blade is 650-750mm long and has a pitch of 4-5mm. It is mainly used for sawing thicker wood. The saw blade is 550-650mm long and has a pitch of 3-4mm. It is mainly used for sawing thin wood or open hoe; fine The saw blade is 450-500mm long and has a pitch of 2-3mm. It is mainly used for sawing fine wood and open shoulders.

There are two classic mouthpieces in the line, and one sentence is: "Whipping fast cattle, sawing two ends", which means to use a saw to stabilize and stabilize, do not kill lightly, do not slash, steady, light, straight The line is hard, killing, and twisting the string. Use a saw to be steady, light, and straight. The teeth should be pointed, the material should be evenly distributed, and the sawing teeth should be sharp and the material is even, so that the saw can be used.

One sentence is: "light strip, killing saw, saw not to run empty", is to say that the saw should be light, the relative force when sending the saw. If you don't want to run the line, you should keep your eyes open when you strike the saw with two wires and make the saw blade coincide with the ink line.

Planing knife

Planing is a common tool used in traditional classical furniture. It consists of two parts: a planer and a planer. The planing blade is made of metal forging. The planer is made of wood. The steel blade is inserted obliquely into a pedestal with a square hole. The upper part is pressed by a pressure iron. The pedestal is long and has handles on the left and right. Easy to hold.

The process of manual planing is the process of cutting the wood continuously in the forward movement of the planer. Planing or processing the surface of the wood is called planing. After the wood is drawn, the chiseling and the sawing are carried out, the planing is called the net material. After the furniture structure is combined, the overall planing is called the net light.

People have summed up a slogan for the selection of planing knives. "Set a bed and nine, don't push away; stand one and eight, and work hard." What do you mean?

In fact, it is the angle between the planer and the planer. If the vertical side of the right triangle is one inch, the horizontal side is 9 points, and the planer is placed on the oblique side. The angle between the two right-angled sides at 1:0.9 is 48.01 degrees, and at 1:0.8, it is 51.34 degrees. The angle is small, the plane can eat the force, the use is more labor-saving, but it is easy to smash; the angle is large, it is hard to push, but it is not easy to smash.

There is also a saying that "long planing is called, short planing is to jump" is also a matter of experience. The sharp planer is equipped with a long planer. When the plan is good, the whistling sound will be heard. The short planer is a happy jump on the wooden board. When I first learned the apprentice, I didn't use the long planer. Master taught: "You can do it like a dog stretches." The sawing woodwork case with the lowered head is flat, the front foot is lower, the planing is labor-saving, and the saw is reversed.

Adjust a line of planer, do not slant into a line of planing blade to expose a line of the bottom, and parallel with the planer, not skewed. In the recognition of the table, it is not difficult to argue with wood grain. Before the planing, it is necessary to distinguish the surface and wood grain of the wood, and plan the plan to avoid smashing. To plan the surface, first rush the line, first high and then low planing plane first plan out the convex part, after the planing concave part, after the flatness, then according to the ink line length cutting.

"Before you want to bow, you have to stretch, and your shoulders are rushing forward." The left leg in the front should be slightly bent, and the right leg should be stretched straight. After the force, the two arms and the wrist push forward at the same time. After pushing the planer, the two arms should be straight and strong. No matter how hard the wood is, push it over. The flat plane, the straight road start and the end, the plane should be flat, can not look up and bow. The direction of the planer should be consistent with the axis of the wood.

Ink bucket and Luban ruler

Ink fountain is a very common tool in the traditional Chinese woodworking industry. The ancients were known as “setting rules and Chen Sheng ink”. Folk ink woodwork homemade, ink warehouse is often carved into peach shape, fish shape, dragon shape, etc., both for self-entertainment, but also a show of carpentry craftsmanship.

Ink fountains are mostly used for wood cutting, and woodworking ink fountains for furniture making can be made smaller, and woodworking for building wood structures can be made larger. On the one hand, you can use the ink fountain to make the elastic wire of the round wood sawing timber, or to straighten the elastic wire of the edge of the wooden board, and also can be used for other aspects such as marking the elastic wire of the selection of the jigsaw. For example, in the case of a wooden board or a bullet, the ink fountain is sometimes used as a hanging line to measure whether the pay line is vertical and flat.

Luban ruler is also used with the ink fountain. Luban ruler is a kind of religious measuring instrument. According to legend, it is made for the Spring and Autumn Lu Guogong class. In fact, the length of the Luban ruler is uncertain, not the usual length. The scale is divided into eight large grids, each large grid is divided into several small grids, each writing a variety of good and bad words, the content is similar, the specifications are not uniform. When building a house and making furniture, use the ruler to measure the height, width, length and length of the whole to every part.

"The material of the little carpenter, the line of the big carpenter" is to draw the line. The small carpenter draws the line based on the two large paintings of the material. The materials on both sides are qualified and the future lines can be accurately aligned. The line accuracy can guarantee the machining accuracy. Planing materials are required to be straight, square and flat. One eye looks at the other end from the end of the material. If it is a straight line, it is straight. The square is measured, and the plane is measured. The ruler measures it and matches the straight edge. In this way, the material is qualified.

The big carpenter is subject to the line. The line has a center line, a horizontal line, and a size line. Beams, masts, cymbals, cymbals, etc., must first pop up the center line, including the head-to-head cross line and the center line, and then operate according to the center line. When the construction is staked and the large wooden components are crossed, horizontal lines and other dimension lines are also ejected. Damu Engineering has these lines to build. Therefore, the line is a key part of the processing and construction of large wood.

Drill

The drill is composed of a grip, a drill rod, a drawbar and a leash, and has a round hole therein. The bamboo piece is connected to the drill pipe and can be freely rotated for drilling. Commonly used drills are both drilled and bowed, and the bow drill is suitable for drilling larger holes. Both drills can change the size of the drill by changing the drill bit.

Chisel

Chisel is the main tool for the combination of wood structure in traditional woodworking technology, used in the production of chiseling, hollowing, grooving and cutting. Generally used in conjunction with a hammer.

Chisel is a tool for grooving or perforating. When using a chisel to drill, generally hold the chisel in the left hand and hold the hammer in the right. When the eye is drilled, the chisel needs to be shaken on both sides. The purpose is to not clip the body, and the wood chips need to be removed from the hole. come out. Half-blinking is cut on the front side, and the eye should be cut from the back of the member by half or so, and then the front side is chiseled until it is cut through.

"Before the heel, the deeper the chisel, the deeper" is a description of the method of chiseling. The so-called "one axe and one shake, three axe to cut chisel; three axes do not shake, both hands to cut chisel", chiseled to hit, shake the chisel. If you don't get rid of it, the chisel will get stuck.

Similar proverbs such as "small eyes, learn to sway, sway and find the line to live a good life" is also the reason. Open your eyes and draw two sides, cut two sides, first chisel the back, then chisel the front, so that you can penetrate the blink. There are also "saw half line, chisel half line, put together a whole line", making the main points of the cockroach. Saw the half width of the ink line of the skull and cut off half the width of the ink line of the eye. When combined, it will be close to the level.

Hammer

A hammer is the most commonly used carpentry tool to correct or knock an object apart. Hammers come in many forms. The common form is a handle and a top. The top side is flat for tapping, and the other side is shaped like a shofar. Its function is to pull out the nail. There is also a hammerhead with a round head shape.

Shovel

Shovel is one of the traditional tools used, mainly for cutting local planes. The shape is thinner than the chisel, the cutting edge angle is smaller than the shovel, the handle is long, the upper end generally does not have a hoop, the operator works with the hand or the shoulder top handle, and the hand hammer can also be tapped. Depending on the application, the shovel is divided into flat shovel, round shovel, and oblique blade shovel.

Flat shovel: The knife edge is flat, and the knife edge and the shovel body are inverted isosceles triangles. The main purpose is to open square holes or repair some square holes. Inclined blade shovel: The blade has a 45° angle and is mainly used for repairing. Most of it is used for engraving and some dead angle repair. Round shovel: The knife edge is semi-circular, mainly used to open circular holes or elliptical holes. Rhombus: The knife edge is V-shaped and is rarely seen. It is mainly used for carving and repairing.

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