Mechanical watch power from there

Power at the beginning

The existence of the watch, in the true sense of letting his master know that the clockwork is being released at what rate. If the mainspring is to continue to power the watch, it must be clocked regularly, although the movement on the chain needs only 24 hours of operation , But in fact the required power reserve is longer. However, one fact is little known - motivation for transmission of parts of the mainspring is not the same. Imagine: When a clockwork is released, the power it transmits is a variable; the tighter the clockwork, the more torque it transmits to the escapement through the powertrain. When the clockwork is released, the power transmission begins to weaken. Near the limit of the power reserve of the watch, that is, when the clockwork is almost completely released, the swing-balance wheel begins to weaken during the ticking and the stability of the watch speed begins to be tested . The long power reserve ensures that, in everyday use, the most constant power output from the mainspring is consumed daily to better ensure that the wristwatch travels accurately.

The development and evolution of early clocks and mainspring

The modern watch industry originated in Europe in the 13th century, mainly because of the religious prayers of the time, and some of the earliest "big bells" appeared in the tall buildings of some churches and municipal authorities. Their principle of operation is extremely simple - rely on a heavy rope ropes pulled a thick roller or roller, so that the latter can then bring a pointer to indicate the time.

After entering the 14th century, more and more such clocks, similar clock towers have also matured in Europe, and added timekeeping and event dolls and other complex functions. The addition of functionality means an increase in power requirements. How can we ensure that these complex clocks travel accurately and take more efficient use of power? In particular, the problem of output torque needs to be solved (like the current situation of excessive torque when the clock is full with modern timepieces, the torque is too low when the spring is about to run out). As the clockwork structure becomes more and more complicated in the late 14th century (which can reflect the operation of the sun, the moon and the stars), the involvement of the scientific community has become the driving force behind the development of clock and watch technology. Therefore, a series of gears that release power more evenly, Escapement mechanical system came into being.

In the early days of the most gloomy watchmaking, keeping the clock running for a day was a challenge. The early clockwork clock, the drivetrain has only three gears (modern clock structure for the 4 gear), and running time less than 14 hours. The unusual thing about this type of clock is not the precise timing, but the way they work. For the clock, excellent timing function has been achieved until the pendulum escapement research and development. The pocket watch until the appearance of spiral balance spring, it makes the travel time error every day to maintain within a few minutes. In this case, pocket watches are often less than 24 hours away is no longer a big practical problem.

From the early artisans building their own spiral steel wire over the hearth to modern high-tech Inox, Nivaflex (cobalt, nickel, chrome steel), there was not only a small change in the material and appearance of the clockwork, The mechanical structure also has many developments. The mainspring is a coiled metal strip that can reach 400-500 mm in length and 8-10 turns (usually 6 hours of power in 1 winding). Clockwork continuous contraction, relax 10,000-20,000 times no wear and tear, power is in this loose, a tight between the generation. In working condition, the clockwork is gradually inwards from the outer end of the power release. In general, the mainspring is the most motivated when it is fully wound, while the mainspring is often underpowered when the mainspring is loosened. The early mainspring reflected all the shortcomings of the early watchmaking industry: "Steel, the elasticity tended to vanish and the torque transmitted to the escapement varied." Today's clockwork is less brittle and fragile, And the power output is uniform, less susceptible to magnetic fields and other natural factors. The most common Nivaflex winding is made of iron, nickel and chrome, with the addition of rare elements such as cobalt, molybdenum and beryllium, which not only provides protection against magnetism, corrosion and breakage, but also from temperature changes, tensile and impact resistance Function, but also tenacity, which will help to release the power gently. However, the old problem of clockwork, which is troublesome when a clockwork is not yet born, is still a problem with balanced power output. How to control the power output precisely and accurately in the complicated functions is a difficult problem that all mechanical power meters must solve.

Power release

Modern mechanical watches take into account the size and shape and other factors, the clockwork is installed in the barrel. Clockwork tightened, power released. The reason is simple, the method of realization is not simple. First of all, the friction of the material between the spring and the barrel is as small as possible. Clockwork sent out only 55% of their own energy -60%, so to improve the material is still one of the ideas to make full use of power. Rely on the mechanical operation of the clockwork must be structural and material improvements to reduce the useless consumption of power. In this regard, the use of lighter materials can clearly play a role, while some improvements, such as drive gears, can also make the power output more efficient.

Reducing the frequency of balance wheel swing (hereinafter referred to as the swing frequency) is a very simple way to increase power, but this will often affect the operating accuracy of the watch, has been less utilized. Around the balance wheel, there is a very difficult problem to deal with when designing and making a watch: When the power is sufficient, the balance wheel is stable and can be controlled more accurately. When the power is not very strong, the swing Swing amplitude, said the spokes) will be significantly reduced, the corresponding swing frequency to speed up, resulting in watch running too fast, when the power is about to run out, the watch will completely stop running, this stop is passive. In order to make those powerful watches can be evenly released power, the vast majority of modern mechanical movement are equipped with an external winding hook and other "decelerator", such as brake springs, brake cones, brake gears, etc. , Allowing the mainspring to release its energy more evenly and to shut off the movement (with the same length as the mainspring before the energy is low enough to affect operational accuracy, and to go longer without the above mentioned mechanisms but with a high degree of accuracy difference). Many products have a brake designed to stop the simple movement when the power is not enough to maintain operation. Similar problems often appear in some small table clock, 8 days power bell out of 10 days although the "performance", the accuracy of the latter two days is very poor. Large clock can be more complicated mechanical structure so that winding utilization increased dramatically, making power more than a year's clock, not to mention the watch the latest record has 31 days of power.

In 1913, a watch called Hebdomas took the lead in achieving the power of up to eight days. By the 1930s, quite a few watch factories focused on long springs, creating long power meters that could run for more than a week. Today, some watch factories still insist that relying on a single barrel output power of the most reliable, less prone to complications caused by complex parts wear and tear and other problems. Taking into account the power output of a barrel is difficult to achieve a week or even more lasting, so some people began to develop the clock in the installation of multiple barrels to provide greater driving force. As early as the 18th century, the two great watch-makers of Switzerland, Henni Louis Jaquet-Droz and Abraham-Louis Breguet, used to have their two barrel in parallel to exert even greater impetus. Di watchmaker Alfred Helwig managed to power the watch through two barrels in series. Relatively speaking, the use of series barrels of the majority of brands, one of the purposes is to allow the movement to maintain the self-winding and longer power at the same time, can also be made more thin. Whether in parallel or in series, the solution to the problem of coordinating two different power sources is the crux of the problem. In addition, the increase in mechanical parts caused by multiple barrels also becomes an important challenge for engineers. The structure of the multiple barrel makes the output of the mainspring more uniform and relieves the pressure of the transmission mechanism. In recent years, more and more hot watch for long power watches and watch size increase, making the 3 barrels and 4 barrels and other innovations continue to appear, using so many barrels sometimes just for watch mechanical layout More reasonable, but not necessarily purely in order to obtain longer-term momentum.

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