Intelligent Storm - Card Technology IC Card Overview and Classification
2019-07-08 15:07:36
IC card overview and classification
1, IC card definition
The IC card is an abbreviation of Integrated Circuit Card, which is a plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip. Its shape and size conform to the international standard (ISO). The chip generally uses a non-volatile memory (ROM, EEPROM), protection logic, and even a microprocessor CPU. An IC card with a CPU is a true smart card.
2. Classification of IC cards
According to the form of embedded integrated circuit chip and the type of chip, the IC card can be roughly divided into:
Non-encrypted memory card: The integrated circuit chip in the card is mainly EEPROM, which has data storage function and does not have data processing function and hardware encryption function.
Logical Encryption Memory Card: The encryption logic circuit is added on the basis of the non-encrypted memory card. The encryption logic circuit protects the data in the card for external access by verifying the password mode, but it is only a low-level security protection and cannot prevent maliciousness. Sexual assault.
CPU card: Also known as a smart card, the integrated circuit in the card has a microprocessor CPU, a storage unit (including random access memory RAM, program memory ROM (FLASH), user data memory EEPROM) and a chip operating system COS. The CPU card with COS is equivalent to a microcomputer, which not only has the data storage function, but also has the functions of command processing and data security protection.
Section 2 IC Card International Standard
1. Introduction to contactless IC card
At present, the world's Philips company mifare-i ic card is a non-contact ic card, also known as radio frequency card, which is the main trend in the development of the IC card industry in recent years. The technology successfully adopts radio frequency identification technology. Combined with the ic card technology, it solves the problem of passive (no power in the card) and contactless, and is an important breakthrough in the field of electronic devices.
2. Non-contact ic card performance
1) High reliability: there is no mechanical contact between the contactless IC card and the reader, which avoids various faults caused by contact and reading, for example, due to rough card insertion, non-card foreign object insertion, dust Or the oil may cause malfunction due to poor contact, etc. In addition, the non-contact card surface has no exposed chip, and there is no need to worry about the chip falling off, electrostatic breakdown, bending damage and the like, which facilitates the printing of the card and improves the reliability of the card.
2) Convenient and fast operation: Due to non-contact communication, the reader can operate the card within a certain distance, so it is not necessary to insert and remove the card, which is very convenient for users. The contactless card has no directionality when used, and the card can be swept across the surface of the reader in any direction to complete the operation, which greatly improves the speed of each use.
3) Anti-collision: The non-contact card has a fast anti-collision mechanism to prevent data interference between cards. Therefore, the reader can process multiple non-contact ic cards at the same time, which improves the parallelism of the application and improves The speed of the system work.
4) Versatility: The non-contact card storage structure makes it more versatile and can be applied to different systems. Users can set different passwords and access conditions according to different applications.
5) Good encryption performance: The two-way authentication mechanism is adopted between the contactless card and the reader, that is, the reader verifies the legality of the ic card, and the ic card also checks the legality of the reader. The contactless card is authenticated three times with the reader before processing, and all data is encrypted during the communication process. In addition, multiple sectors in the card have their own operating passwords and access conditions.
3. Non-contact ic reader structure
Figure 10-2 ic card reader structure
4. Main technical indicators of the reader:
1) RF loading frequency: 13.56mhz
2) RF card read and write operation effective range: 100mm
3) Communication interface: standard 485 interface / standard 232 interface
4) Access RF card communication rate: 106k bit/s
5) Input/output device: The reader has an expansion bus interface, which is suitable for function development and expansion of various users, and can operate on multiple cards.
6) Security: All data in the three mutual authentication (iso/iec dis9798-2) communication process is encrypted to prevent the signal interception transmission password, write protection
7) Anti-interference: When a card is processed, other cards can enter or leave the RF area.
8) Typical processing time:
识别 Identify a card for 8ms (including reset response and anti-collision)
读 Read a block for 2.5ms (excluding the authentication process), 4.5ms (including the authentication process)
ïµ Write a block + read control 12ms
ïµ Typical transaction process <100ms
9) High temperature card working temperature: -15 ° C ~ +110 ° C
10) Ambient humidity: 10% to 90%
11) Card capacity: 8k bit
5. Working principle
The electrical part of the card is partly composed of the antenna and the control part cpu (packaged in pvc), as shown below. The antenna of the card is only a few sets of wound coils enclosed in the card. The card has a high-speed (106kb baud rate) interface. The 16 control unit readers send a set of fixed-frequency electromagnetic waves to the card. An lc series resonant circuit has the same frequency as that emitted by the reader. Under the excitation of the electromagnetic wave, the lc resonant circuit generates resonance, so that there is a charge in the capacitor. At the other end of the capacitor, a single-pass electronic pump is connected to store the charge in the capacitor to another capacitor. When the accumulated charge reaches a certain voltage, the capacitor can be used as a power source to provide work for other circuits. Voltage, the data in the card is transmitted or the data of the reader is taken.
Figure 10-3 ic card and card reader
6. Communication between the reader and the contactless IC card
1) Reset response: The communication protocol and communication baud rate of the RF card are defined. Through these two contents, the reader and the card verify each other. When a card enters the operating range of the reader, the reader The specific protocol communicates with it to determine if the card is a legitimate RF card, ie the card type and category of the verification card.
2) Anti-collision closure mechanism: When there are multiple cards in the operating range of the reader, the anti-collision closure circuit first selects one of the many cards as the next processing object, while the unselected card is empty. Closed mode, waiting for the next selection, the process returns a selected serial number.
3) Select Card: Select the serial number of the selected card and return the capacity code of the card at the same time.
4) Confirm each other three times: After selecting the card to be processed, the reader determines the sector number to be accessed, and performs password verification on the sector password. After three mutual authentications, any communication can be performed by encryption ( When the next sector is selected, the password verification of the new sector must be performed).
5) Read and write: After confirming, you can perform the following operations: read a block; write a block; after the contents of the block are subtracted, the result exists in the data register, after the contents of the block are added, the result is stored in the data register; Write the contents of the data register to the block; read the contents of the block into the data register; put the card into a paused state.
7. ic card issuance management subsystem
First of all, according to the management system of the residential community, the picture of the most representative image of the institute is taken as the background, and the ic card number, logo and other materials are uniformly printed on the front side of the ic card, and the precautions for the use of the ic card are printed on the back.
The em id card is mainly made up of 4100, 4102 series ic chips + coil + card base of Swiss em or Taiwan gk company.
(1) 4001 inductive id thick card: Taiwan 4001 cob
Features: Ordinary induction card, moderate thickness, with id number, can be carried in the wallet, and a portable hole. It is currently the most economical RF ic card.
Chip: Taiwan 4001 cob
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x1.8mm
Packaging process: hand paste
Number: even number coding
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(2) em 4100/4102 inductive id standard card: swatch group em4102 wafer (thick card, thick card)
Features: Ordinary induction card, thin card, with id number, can be carried in the wallet to print photos directly.
Chip: swatch group em4102 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x0.82mm
Packaging material: pvc, abs
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(3) swatch group em4102 wafer (profiled card)
Chip: swatch group em4102 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 6-8cm
Dimensions: 34x24x3mm (a type) 34x24x3mm (b type) 40x30x4mm (c type) 50x32x4mm (d type) 48x40x7mm (e type)
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(4) 8803 inductive id thick card
Chip: Taiwan 8803 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x1.05mm
Packaging material: pvc
Packaging process: manual lamination
Typical applications: attendance system, access control system, corporate card system, etc.
(5) μem rf/id chip
H4102/p4150 c4083/p4069 v4222...
(6) μem smart card chip
Gold-96
The tm (touch memory) card is a patented product of the American dallas company. It uses single-line protocol communication to complete data reading and writing through instant touch. It has the ease of operation of the non-contact ic card and the cheapness of the contact ic card. It is one of the best ic cards at present.
1, the basic principle of tm card
The tm card is similar in shape to a button battery that can be mounted on objects such as cards and keychains.
The tm card realizes single-wire communication by reducing the data line, address line, control line and power line to one line through a multi-function device. When the host powers up, the tm card responds to the host by switching between 500,000 ω and 50 ω impedance, and the digital logic (length is 1 and short 0) is represented by the duration (long or short) at which the signal is pulled low. The switching range is 10,000 to 1, so the contact resistance of the contacts does not affect the identification of the digital signal.
2, the type of tm card
Table 1 lists the main types of common tm cards and their characteristic parameters. Table 1 tm card list
Model part no description description registration number registration
Ds1990af3/f5 Touch type No. 8+48+8
Ds1991l f5 multiple sets of touch keys 3 encryption areas 8+48+8 bits
Ds1992l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1993l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1994l f5 Touch memory with clock 8+48+8 bits
Ds1995l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1996l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Model part no configuration organization scratch pad scratchpad family code family code
Ds1990af3/f5 ?/td> ?/td> 01h
Ds1991l f5 3x64 bit + 3x384 bit 512 bit 02h
Ds1992l f5 4×256 bits 256 bits 08h
Ds1993l f5 16×256 bits 256 bits 06h
Ds1994l f5 16×256 bits 256 bits 04h
Ds1995l f5 64×256 bit 256 bit 0ah
Ds1996l f5 256×256 bits 256 bits 0ch
As can be seen from the table, except for ds1990a, all the tm cards have ram memory. In order to keep the contents of the ram not lost, a long-life lithium battery should be placed in the card.
In addition, according to the encryption of the tm card memory, the tm card can be divided into an encrypted tm card and an unencrypted tm card. Most tm cards are non-encrypted. Only ds1991 is encrypted and divided into three separate encryption areas. Each encryption area has a separate password, so it can be used as three separate uses. Considering the characteristics of the tm card, the encryption mode of the tm card is different from that of the contact encryption type ic card. The latter has a small number of passwords and has a bit error calculation function. The former password is up to 64 bits, and no error code is counted. Forgot the password for a reason, you can use it after reinitializing the card, but the original information in the card will be automatically erased.
Smart card is the core of smart card technology. Its performance and cost play an important role in the promotion and use of smart card technology. In order to improve the standardization and versatility of smart cards, the International Organization for Standardization has detailed provisions on the interface and communication protocol of smart cards. Manufacturers of smart cards include siemens, atmel, gemplus, motorola, microchip and other companies.
Smart cards are semiconductor cards. Semiconductor cards use microelectronics technology to store and process information. According to its composition, smart cards can be divided into general memory cards, encrypted memory cards, cpu cards and super smart cards:
Unencrypted memory card (memory card)
The embedded chip is equivalent to the ordinary serial e2prom memory, and some chips also add a write protection function for a specific area. Such card information is convenient to store, simple to use, and inexpensive, and can replace the magnetic card in many occasions, but since it does not have information itself The security function can therefore only be used in applications where privacy requirements are not high.
Encrypted memory card
Encrypted memory card embedded chip adds control logic outside the storage area. Before accessing the storage area, the password needs to be checked. Only the correct password can be used for access operation. This kind of information has good confidentiality and is similar to ordinary memory card.
Cpu card (smart card)
The cpu card embedded chip is equivalent to a special type of single-chip microcomputer. In addition to the controller, memory, timing control logic, etc., it also has an algorithm unit and an operating system. Since the cpu card has large storage capacity and strong processing capability, the information is strong. Features such as storage security. Therefore, it is widely used in applications where information security requirements are particularly high.
Super smart card
The card has mpu and memory and is equipped with a health disk, a liquid crystal display and a power supply, and some cards also have a fingerprint recognition device and the like.
According to the data reading and writing method, the smart card can be divided into two types: contact type ic card and non-contact type ic card:
Contact ic card
The former is contacted by the contacts of the reading and writing device and the contacts on the card for data reading and writing; the international standard iso7816 series stipulates such ic cards.
Contactless IC card
The latter has no circuit contact with the read/write device and is read and written by non-contact read/write technology (for example, optical or radio technology). Its embedded chip is in addition to the memory unit. In addition to the control logic, RF transceiver circuits have been added. Such cards are generally used in applications where access is frequent and reliability requirements are particularly high. The international standard iso10536 series describes the relevant regulations for contactless IC cards.
According to the data exchange format classification, smart cards can be divided into serial and parallel:
Serial ic card
When the smart card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in a serial manner. Most of the ic cards in the current application belong to the serial ic card class. The serial ic card interface is simple and easy to use, and the international standardization organization has specially developed relevant standards.
Parallel ic card
Contrary to the serial ic card, the data exchange of the parallel ic card is performed in parallel, which can bring two advantages, one is that the data exchange speed is improved, and the second is that the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing technical conditions. The relevant manufacturers have also explored and put the products into use, but because there is no corresponding international standard, there are still some problems in large-scale application.
In addition, the manufacturers have also designed and manufactured a variety of smart cards suitable for practical use, such as:
Prepayment card
After the prepaid card is shipped from the factory, the characteristics before initialization are similar to those of the encrypted memory card, but the capacity is small. Once the user is initialized, the information is read similarly to the ordinary memory card, and the embedded chip is equivalent to a counter, but The counter can only be subtracted and cannot be added. When the count is zero, the chip is invalidated, so it is one-time. This card is designed for prepaid use.
Hybrid card
Hybrid cards also come in many forms. The ic chip and the magnetic card are combined on one card, and the contact type and the non-contact type are integrated, which are generally called "hybrid cards".
In addition, in 1981, a light card concept was proposed by a US company, which enriched the card data storage method. An optical card consists of a semiconductor laser material that is capable of storing and reproducing a large amount of information. The optical card recording format currently forms two formats: canon type and delta type. Both forms have been accepted as international standards by the International Organization for Standardization. The optical card has the advantages of small size, easy carrying, safe and reliable data, large capacity, strong anti-interference, easy to change, good confidentiality and relatively low price.
Some smart cards have been provided as standard products, which will be described in detail in later chapters, and some require user customization. This book is only for programmatic introduction. In addition, some companies are planning to use flash memory technology to create smart cards to further expand capacity, increase speed, reduce cost and power consumption, which will be another fly-by for smart card technology. It is expected that with the continuous development and progress of new technologies and new processes, new card types will continue to emerge in the future.
1, IC card definition
The IC card is an abbreviation of Integrated Circuit Card, which is a plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip. Its shape and size conform to the international standard (ISO). The chip generally uses a non-volatile memory (ROM, EEPROM), protection logic, and even a microprocessor CPU. An IC card with a CPU is a true smart card.
2. Classification of IC cards
According to the form of embedded integrated circuit chip and the type of chip, the IC card can be roughly divided into:
Non-encrypted memory card: The integrated circuit chip in the card is mainly EEPROM, which has data storage function and does not have data processing function and hardware encryption function.
Logical Encryption Memory Card: The encryption logic circuit is added on the basis of the non-encrypted memory card. The encryption logic circuit protects the data in the card for external access by verifying the password mode, but it is only a low-level security protection and cannot prevent maliciousness. Sexual assault.
CPU card: Also known as a smart card, the integrated circuit in the card has a microprocessor CPU, a storage unit (including random access memory RAM, program memory ROM (FLASH), user data memory EEPROM) and a chip operating system COS. The CPU card with COS is equivalent to a microcomputer, which not only has the data storage function, but also has the functions of command processing and data security protection.
Section 2 IC Card International Standard
1. Introduction to contactless IC card
At present, the world's Philips company mifare-i ic card is a non-contact ic card, also known as radio frequency card, which is the main trend in the development of the IC card industry in recent years. The technology successfully adopts radio frequency identification technology. Combined with the ic card technology, it solves the problem of passive (no power in the card) and contactless, and is an important breakthrough in the field of electronic devices.
2. Non-contact ic card performance
1) High reliability: there is no mechanical contact between the contactless IC card and the reader, which avoids various faults caused by contact and reading, for example, due to rough card insertion, non-card foreign object insertion, dust Or the oil may cause malfunction due to poor contact, etc. In addition, the non-contact card surface has no exposed chip, and there is no need to worry about the chip falling off, electrostatic breakdown, bending damage and the like, which facilitates the printing of the card and improves the reliability of the card.
2) Convenient and fast operation: Due to non-contact communication, the reader can operate the card within a certain distance, so it is not necessary to insert and remove the card, which is very convenient for users. The contactless card has no directionality when used, and the card can be swept across the surface of the reader in any direction to complete the operation, which greatly improves the speed of each use.
3) Anti-collision: The non-contact card has a fast anti-collision mechanism to prevent data interference between cards. Therefore, the reader can process multiple non-contact ic cards at the same time, which improves the parallelism of the application and improves The speed of the system work.
4) Versatility: The non-contact card storage structure makes it more versatile and can be applied to different systems. Users can set different passwords and access conditions according to different applications.
5) Good encryption performance: The two-way authentication mechanism is adopted between the contactless card and the reader, that is, the reader verifies the legality of the ic card, and the ic card also checks the legality of the reader. The contactless card is authenticated three times with the reader before processing, and all data is encrypted during the communication process. In addition, multiple sectors in the card have their own operating passwords and access conditions.
3. Non-contact ic reader structure
Figure 10-2 ic card reader structure
4. Main technical indicators of the reader:
1) RF loading frequency: 13.56mhz
2) RF card read and write operation effective range: 100mm
3) Communication interface: standard 485 interface / standard 232 interface
4) Access RF card communication rate: 106k bit/s
5) Input/output device: The reader has an expansion bus interface, which is suitable for function development and expansion of various users, and can operate on multiple cards.
6) Security: All data in the three mutual authentication (iso/iec dis9798-2) communication process is encrypted to prevent the signal interception transmission password, write protection
7) Anti-interference: When a card is processed, other cards can enter or leave the RF area.
8) Typical processing time:
识别 Identify a card for 8ms (including reset response and anti-collision)
读 Read a block for 2.5ms (excluding the authentication process), 4.5ms (including the authentication process)
ïµ Write a block + read control 12ms
ïµ Typical transaction process <100ms
9) High temperature card working temperature: -15 ° C ~ +110 ° C
10) Ambient humidity: 10% to 90%
11) Card capacity: 8k bit
5. Working principle
The electrical part of the card is partly composed of the antenna and the control part cpu (packaged in pvc), as shown below. The antenna of the card is only a few sets of wound coils enclosed in the card. The card has a high-speed (106kb baud rate) interface. The 16 control unit readers send a set of fixed-frequency electromagnetic waves to the card. An lc series resonant circuit has the same frequency as that emitted by the reader. Under the excitation of the electromagnetic wave, the lc resonant circuit generates resonance, so that there is a charge in the capacitor. At the other end of the capacitor, a single-pass electronic pump is connected to store the charge in the capacitor to another capacitor. When the accumulated charge reaches a certain voltage, the capacitor can be used as a power source to provide work for other circuits. Voltage, the data in the card is transmitted or the data of the reader is taken.
Figure 10-3 ic card and card reader
6. Communication between the reader and the contactless IC card
1) Reset response: The communication protocol and communication baud rate of the RF card are defined. Through these two contents, the reader and the card verify each other. When a card enters the operating range of the reader, the reader The specific protocol communicates with it to determine if the card is a legitimate RF card, ie the card type and category of the verification card.
2) Anti-collision closure mechanism: When there are multiple cards in the operating range of the reader, the anti-collision closure circuit first selects one of the many cards as the next processing object, while the unselected card is empty. Closed mode, waiting for the next selection, the process returns a selected serial number.
3) Select Card: Select the serial number of the selected card and return the capacity code of the card at the same time.
4) Confirm each other three times: After selecting the card to be processed, the reader determines the sector number to be accessed, and performs password verification on the sector password. After three mutual authentications, any communication can be performed by encryption ( When the next sector is selected, the password verification of the new sector must be performed).
5) Read and write: After confirming, you can perform the following operations: read a block; write a block; after the contents of the block are subtracted, the result exists in the data register, after the contents of the block are added, the result is stored in the data register; Write the contents of the data register to the block; read the contents of the block into the data register; put the card into a paused state.
7. ic card issuance management subsystem
First of all, according to the management system of the residential community, the picture of the most representative image of the institute is taken as the background, and the ic card number, logo and other materials are uniformly printed on the front side of the ic card, and the precautions for the use of the ic card are printed on the back.
The em id card is mainly made up of 4100, 4102 series ic chips + coil + card base of Swiss em or Taiwan gk company.
(1) 4001 inductive id thick card: Taiwan 4001 cob
Features: Ordinary induction card, moderate thickness, with id number, can be carried in the wallet, and a portable hole. It is currently the most economical RF ic card.
Chip: Taiwan 4001 cob
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x1.8mm
Packaging process: hand paste
Number: even number coding
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(2) em 4100/4102 inductive id standard card: swatch group em4102 wafer (thick card, thick card)
Features: Ordinary induction card, thin card, with id number, can be carried in the wallet to print photos directly.
Chip: swatch group em4102 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x0.82mm
Packaging material: pvc, abs
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(3) swatch group em4102 wafer (profiled card)
Chip: swatch group em4102 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 6-8cm
Dimensions: 34x24x3mm (a type) 34x24x3mm (b type) 40x30x4mm (c type) 50x32x4mm (d type) 48x40x7mm (e type)
Typical applications: patrol system, attendance system, access control system, enterprise card system, etc.
(4) 8803 inductive id thick card
Chip: Taiwan 8803 wafer
Working frequency: 125khz
Sensing distance: 2-20cm
Size: 85.5x54x1.05mm
Packaging material: pvc
Packaging process: manual lamination
Typical applications: attendance system, access control system, corporate card system, etc.
(5) μem rf/id chip
H4102/p4150 c4083/p4069 v4222...
(6) μem smart card chip
Gold-96
The tm (touch memory) card is a patented product of the American dallas company. It uses single-line protocol communication to complete data reading and writing through instant touch. It has the ease of operation of the non-contact ic card and the cheapness of the contact ic card. It is one of the best ic cards at present.
1, the basic principle of tm card
The tm card is similar in shape to a button battery that can be mounted on objects such as cards and keychains.
The tm card realizes single-wire communication by reducing the data line, address line, control line and power line to one line through a multi-function device. When the host powers up, the tm card responds to the host by switching between 500,000 ω and 50 ω impedance, and the digital logic (length is 1 and short 0) is represented by the duration (long or short) at which the signal is pulled low. The switching range is 10,000 to 1, so the contact resistance of the contacts does not affect the identification of the digital signal.
2, the type of tm card
Table 1 lists the main types of common tm cards and their characteristic parameters. Table 1 tm card list
Model part no description description registration number registration
Ds1990af3/f5 Touch type No. 8+48+8
Ds1991l f5 multiple sets of touch keys 3 encryption areas 8+48+8 bits
Ds1992l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1993l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1994l f5 Touch memory with clock 8+48+8 bits
Ds1995l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Ds1996l f5 touch memory 8+48+8 bit
Model part no configuration organization scratch pad scratchpad family code family code
Ds1990af3/f5 ?/td> ?/td> 01h
Ds1991l f5 3x64 bit + 3x384 bit 512 bit 02h
Ds1992l f5 4×256 bits 256 bits 08h
Ds1993l f5 16×256 bits 256 bits 06h
Ds1994l f5 16×256 bits 256 bits 04h
Ds1995l f5 64×256 bit 256 bit 0ah
Ds1996l f5 256×256 bits 256 bits 0ch
As can be seen from the table, except for ds1990a, all the tm cards have ram memory. In order to keep the contents of the ram not lost, a long-life lithium battery should be placed in the card.
In addition, according to the encryption of the tm card memory, the tm card can be divided into an encrypted tm card and an unencrypted tm card. Most tm cards are non-encrypted. Only ds1991 is encrypted and divided into three separate encryption areas. Each encryption area has a separate password, so it can be used as three separate uses. Considering the characteristics of the tm card, the encryption mode of the tm card is different from that of the contact encryption type ic card. The latter has a small number of passwords and has a bit error calculation function. The former password is up to 64 bits, and no error code is counted. Forgot the password for a reason, you can use it after reinitializing the card, but the original information in the card will be automatically erased.
Smart card is the core of smart card technology. Its performance and cost play an important role in the promotion and use of smart card technology. In order to improve the standardization and versatility of smart cards, the International Organization for Standardization has detailed provisions on the interface and communication protocol of smart cards. Manufacturers of smart cards include siemens, atmel, gemplus, motorola, microchip and other companies.
Smart cards are semiconductor cards. Semiconductor cards use microelectronics technology to store and process information. According to its composition, smart cards can be divided into general memory cards, encrypted memory cards, cpu cards and super smart cards:
Unencrypted memory card (memory card)
The embedded chip is equivalent to the ordinary serial e2prom memory, and some chips also add a write protection function for a specific area. Such card information is convenient to store, simple to use, and inexpensive, and can replace the magnetic card in many occasions, but since it does not have information itself The security function can therefore only be used in applications where privacy requirements are not high.
Encrypted memory card
Encrypted memory card embedded chip adds control logic outside the storage area. Before accessing the storage area, the password needs to be checked. Only the correct password can be used for access operation. This kind of information has good confidentiality and is similar to ordinary memory card.
Cpu card (smart card)
The cpu card embedded chip is equivalent to a special type of single-chip microcomputer. In addition to the controller, memory, timing control logic, etc., it also has an algorithm unit and an operating system. Since the cpu card has large storage capacity and strong processing capability, the information is strong. Features such as storage security. Therefore, it is widely used in applications where information security requirements are particularly high.
Super smart card
The card has mpu and memory and is equipped with a health disk, a liquid crystal display and a power supply, and some cards also have a fingerprint recognition device and the like.
According to the data reading and writing method, the smart card can be divided into two types: contact type ic card and non-contact type ic card:
Contact ic card
The former is contacted by the contacts of the reading and writing device and the contacts on the card for data reading and writing; the international standard iso7816 series stipulates such ic cards.
Contactless IC card
The latter has no circuit contact with the read/write device and is read and written by non-contact read/write technology (for example, optical or radio technology). Its embedded chip is in addition to the memory unit. In addition to the control logic, RF transceiver circuits have been added. Such cards are generally used in applications where access is frequent and reliability requirements are particularly high. The international standard iso10536 series describes the relevant regulations for contactless IC cards.
According to the data exchange format classification, smart cards can be divided into serial and parallel:
Serial ic card
When the smart card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in a serial manner. Most of the ic cards in the current application belong to the serial ic card class. The serial ic card interface is simple and easy to use, and the international standardization organization has specially developed relevant standards.
Parallel ic card
Contrary to the serial ic card, the data exchange of the parallel ic card is performed in parallel, which can bring two advantages, one is that the data exchange speed is improved, and the second is that the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing technical conditions. The relevant manufacturers have also explored and put the products into use, but because there is no corresponding international standard, there are still some problems in large-scale application.
In addition, the manufacturers have also designed and manufactured a variety of smart cards suitable for practical use, such as:
Prepayment card
After the prepaid card is shipped from the factory, the characteristics before initialization are similar to those of the encrypted memory card, but the capacity is small. Once the user is initialized, the information is read similarly to the ordinary memory card, and the embedded chip is equivalent to a counter, but The counter can only be subtracted and cannot be added. When the count is zero, the chip is invalidated, so it is one-time. This card is designed for prepaid use.
Hybrid card
Hybrid cards also come in many forms. The ic chip and the magnetic card are combined on one card, and the contact type and the non-contact type are integrated, which are generally called "hybrid cards".
In addition, in 1981, a light card concept was proposed by a US company, which enriched the card data storage method. An optical card consists of a semiconductor laser material that is capable of storing and reproducing a large amount of information. The optical card recording format currently forms two formats: canon type and delta type. Both forms have been accepted as international standards by the International Organization for Standardization. The optical card has the advantages of small size, easy carrying, safe and reliable data, large capacity, strong anti-interference, easy to change, good confidentiality and relatively low price.
Some smart cards have been provided as standard products, which will be described in detail in later chapters, and some require user customization. This book is only for programmatic introduction. In addition, some companies are planning to use flash memory technology to create smart cards to further expand capacity, increase speed, reduce cost and power consumption, which will be another fly-by for smart card technology. It is expected that with the continuous development and progress of new technologies and new processes, new card types will continue to emerge in the future.
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