The measurement principle and type difference of Heng's analytical density meter
The measurement principle and type difference of Heng's analytical density meter
The basic principle of the density meter (Density Meter) measurement is to measure the blackening degree of the photosensitive material after exposure and development. During plate-making, the silver bromide on the photosensitive material is exposed to light, and after development, it is reduced to metallic silver, forming a certain degree of opacity. Blackness is high and density is high; blackness is low and density is low. A measuring meter with a filter can also measure the color density of color originals. The measuring principle is similar to the above basic principle.
There are two kinds of commonly used density meters, one is the density of liquid that has a density greater than that of pure water, called the weight meter; the other is the density of the liquid that is smaller than that of pure water, called the light meter
principle
The gravity of the earth pulls the object towards the ground, but if the object is placed in a liquid, the buoyancy will exert a force in the opposite direction. The amount of buoyancy is equal to the gravity of the object to expel the liquid.
The density meter floats or sinks according to changes in the balance of gravity and buoyancy.
Density meter
A well-functioning density meter can only be in a floating state, so the force of buoyancy pushing up is slightly larger than the force of gravity pulling down. But when it is in balance, the amount of gravity it receives is equal to buoyancy.
Because the volume of the densitometer has not changed, the volume of drained water is the same. However, it becomes heavier because it contains more water. When gravity is greater than buoyancy, the density meter will sink. The density meter weighs less than the gravity of the same volume of water, so the density meter floats back.
The reading of the density meter is from lower to upper. When it is immersed in different liquids, the volume will not change and the indication will change.
Physical analysis instrument for measuring fluid density. A hydrometer similar to it is an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume; specific gravity is the density ratio of liquid or solid to water or gas to air at a specified temperature and pressure. The density of water and air at a certain temperature and pressure is known, so the specific gravity and density under specified conditions are interchangeable. The density or specific gravity of a substance is related to the composition of the substance, so density meters and specific gravity meters are commonly used to detect the quality of alcohol, petroleum products, acid-base solutions, gas, and natural gas. The density meter can also be used to monitor and control the production and processing of such products.
classification
According to different application scenarios of density meters, density meters can be divided into desktop density meters and portable density meters.
The density meter can be divided into solid density meter, liquid density meter and gas density meter according to different measured substance forms.
According to different working principles, density meters can be divided into static pressure type, vibration type, float type and radioisotope type density meters.
application
For density timing: it can determine the specific gravity of various fluids, semi-fluids or mixtures. For example: random proportion in the process of cement slurry, sand slurry, ore pulp, paper pulp, chemical products and pharmaceutical products [1].
Used for concentration timing: the percentage concentration (or ratio) of the solution or mixture can be determined. For example: various solutions, ore pulp, mud, mortar, beverage flotation agent and other concentrations. With the flow meter, the instantaneous mass flow rate and cumulative amount of dry minerals can be easily calculated.
kind
Commonly used density meters and specific gravity meters include float density meters, static pressure density meters, vibration density meters, and radioisotope density meters.
The working principle of the float type density meter is that the buoyancy of the object in the fluid is related to the density of the fluid. If the temperature of the sample to be measured is specified (eg 25 ° C), the instrument can also use the specific gravity value as the scale value. The simplest of these instruments is the visual float glass hydrometer (Figure 1), abbreviated as glass hydrometer.
The working principle of static pressure density meter is: the static pressure of a liquid column at a certain height is proportional to the density of the liquid, so the density of the liquid can be measured according to the static pressure value measured by the pressure measuring instrument. The capsule (see diaphragm and capsule) is a commonly used pressure measuring element. The density meter used to directly measure the static pressure of the sample liquid column is called the capsule static pressure density meter. Another commonly used is the single tube blow density meter (Figure 2). It replaces the direct measurement of liquid column pressure with the measurement of air pressure. Insert the blowing tube into the test liquid to a certain depth below the liquid level, and the compressed air will continuously escape from the bottom of the tube through the blowing tube. At this time, the pressure of the air in the tube is equal to the pressure of the sample liquid column at that height, and the pressure value can be converted into density.
The basic working principle of the vibrating density meter is: Two famous Austrian scientists Hans Stabinger and Hans Leopord discovered the measuring principle of the vibrating tube density meter: When an object is excited and vibrates, its vibration frequency or amplitude is related to the quality of the object If a certain volume of liquid sample is filled in a U-shaped glass tube, the change of vibration frequency or amplitude reflects the mass or density and specific gravity of a certain volume of sample liquid. The two scientists later designed the prototype and handed it to Mr. Urich Santner and his company Anton Paar to design the earliest digital liquid density meter in 1967. Fully automatic liquid density meters are based on the principle of U-shaped oscillating tubes.
The radioisotope densitometer instrument is equipped with a radioisotope radiation source. Its radioactive radiation (for example, gamma rays) is received by the radiation detector after passing through a certain thickness of the measured sample. The absorption of radiation by a sample of a certain thickness is related to the density of the sample, while the signal of the radiation detector is related to the absorption, and therefore reflects the density of the sample.
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