WTO and the Development of Printing Industry
2023-12-30 02:07:34
Since the reform and opening up, China's printing industry, whether it is the printing industry, or printing equipment, equipment industry has made great progress, the printing industry has been developed from "lead and fire" to "light and electricity." From the perspective of the total printing volume, China has become a big printing country. The world's major advanced printing processes and equipment are used in China. Printing equipment and equipment have greatly improved in quantity, quality and level. Nevertheless, under the new situation in which China will soon join the WTO. We must also make great efforts to catch up with the requirements of the development of the times in order to continue to meet people’s growing material and cultural needs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of China's accession to the WTO on the development of the printing industry and its countermeasures.
gap
Since the reform and opening up, although China's printing and equipment equipment industry has made great progress, but compared with foreign industries, there is still a big gap. The following is a description of the two industries of printing and equipment.
I. Gap in the printing industry
The overall disparity in the printing industry is the excess of general printing capacity, the lack of high-end fine print capabilities, and poor efficiency.
Specifically:
Per capita prints are too small. China's printing industry ranks among the top in the world in terms of total volume. However, the per capita level is still quite backward. According to statistics, the annual per capita consumption of printed materials in China is 3 to 4 US dollars, while Japan is 470 US dollars, the United States is 316 US dollars. Per capita annual paper consumption in China is 5-7 kg, while in Japan and the United States, 240 kg and 340 kg respectively.
Regional development is extremely uneven. The development of the East, Central and West is uneven. According to relevant statistics in 1999, 10 provinces and cities in the west accounted for 56% of the country's total area, and the population accounted for 23%. The output value of the printing industry (books, packaging, newspapers, and other) accounted for only 16.3%. There is also a wide gap between the internal development of the East, Central and West regions. For example, the output value of the printing industry in Guangdong accounts for 10.1% of the total output value of the printing industry in the whole country and 75% of the total in South China. The output value of the printing industry in Shaanxi Province accounts for 7.1% of the national total output value and 75.3% of the total in the northwestern region.
Unbalanced supply and demand in the printing market. General printing capacity is too high, high-grade fine printing capacity is insufficient, and corporate profits are generally poor. In 1999, the Press and Publications Administration investigated 370 book printing companies. Of these, 90% of companies can only produce in single classes. Many companies even have insufficient tasks in a single class. In addition, the declining trend of benefits was obvious. In 1999, there were 129 book and periodical printing companies in 1228 national and provincial cities, accounting for 37% of losses. The profit and loss offsetting profits were only 405 million yuan. In the newspaper printing industry, everyone thinks that it is the best benefit. In fact, it is profitable from advertising revenue. Printing newspapers does not make money, and advertising revenue is actually bittersweet. According to statistics, in 1998, there were 36 advertising revenues over 100 million yuan, of which 16 were over 200 million yuan, 3 were over 300 million yuan, and 3 were over 600 million yuan. 36 countries accounted for less than 2% of all newspapers in the country (about 2,200 kinds of national newspapers in 1998), and advertising revenue accounted for about 70% of total revenue. The remaining 30% of advertising revenues support 98% of newspapers, showing that there are a considerable number of Newspaper printing is not a good day. There are also many companies in the packaging industry who have long-term losses or are at the edge of losses. According to a survey of 105 companies (mainly large- and medium-sized state-owned and package-printing enterprises that had achieved good returns after reform) in 1999, profit-making units (with a per capita tax of RMB 1,000-5,000) accounted for 45.7%, and 22 loss-making enterprises accounted for 21 %, the two combined accounted for 66.7%, far less than the 80s. Why does this happen? The main reason is that the general printing capacity is too large, the high-grade fine printing capacity is insufficient, and the task of strict quality and high profitability is not sufficient.
The printing equipment is backward. Prepress equipment is still basically a traditional plate making device, which is inefficient and of poor quality. Printing equipment, According to the statistics of 1,182 books and periodicals issued in 1999 in the country, among the sheetfed offset presses, multi-color machines with four or more colors account for 14.7% of all sheet-fed offset presses; the high-efficient web offset press only accounts for all of them. 14% of offset presses. Fixed-point companies are still so, other companies can imagine. It can be seen that the printing and printing companies in China are still using a lot of low-efficiency sheet-fed single-, dual-color machines and backward 01S machines, and some places are even using backward printing equipment. Basically, packaging printing is also the case. High-efficiency multi-color machines have a large amount of imports, but they are only used by a few companies. In post-press equipment, there are few efficient binding machines, and there are still a lot of manual operations for binding and post-finishing. Although newspaper printing companies have imported a lot of efficient printing machines, 70% of printing equipment is still printing poorly or simply cannot print color newspapers. About 1/3 of equipment aging needs to be gradually updated. The printing equipment, such as paper, ink supply, newspaper delivery, counting, bundling, and postal mailing, are still mainly based on manual operations. Most of the pre-press plate-making equipment still uses traditional plate-making equipment. Only a few advanced CTP equipments have imported foreign products. In short, China's printing companies are lagging behind in equipment, resulting in poor product quality, efficiency, and efficiency, and a clear lack of market competitiveness.
The craft is behind. At present, most printing companies still use traditional process methods, and only a few companies adopt advanced digital process flow.
There is a serious shortage of funds for technological transformation of printing companies.
Management is backward. Most modern enterprise management systems have not yet been established and the quality of personnel does not meet the new requirements.
The corporate structure is irrational. Small and complete, large and complete enterprises are numerous, low-grade redundant construction is serious, and there are too few large and specialized enterprises with strong competitiveness.
Second, the gap between printing equipment and equipment
The overall gap between printing equipment and equipment is: the product quality is low, the supply of medium and low-end equipment and equipment is oversupply or the balance between supply and demand, and high-end equipment and equipment mainly rely on imports.
1. The gap between prepress equipment
The basic development direction of the printing industry presented by the Drupa 2000 International Exhibition is "Digital and Networking." Prepress digital and networked development have made China's products more distant from foreign countries.
At present, our country's prepress equipment is still basically a traditional analog process equipment, and most of them are in the middle and low level. High-end equipment basically relies on imports, such as high-end scanners, high-precision automatic laser imagesetters, and color printers. The transformation of backwardness with digital process flow and equipment is an important task before us.
Digital equipment is mainly CTP plate making equipment and related equipment. Although the computer-to-plate (CTP) machine has been developed into a prototype in China, and its performance (mainly speed, resolution, degree of automation, imaging mode, etc.) has many gaps compared with the advanced level in foreign countries, performance, Quality has yet to be tested by time. CTP equipment has been rapidly promoted in developed countries. For example, of the 100 large-scale printing companies in the United States, more than half of companies have used CTP plate-making equipment, while China has less than 20 imported CTP machines, and related digital cameras and digital proofing machines. All rely on imports.
2. The gap of printing equipment
The main function is less; automation, intelligent control level is low; stability, reliability is poor. The balance between supply and demand of middle- and low-end products or oversupply, high-end equipment mainly rely on imports.
Imports exceed domestic sales. In 1999, China imported a total of 675 million U.S. dollars worth of printing equipment and spare parts, and exported 16.18 million U.S. dollars, compared with 41.7:1 for imports and exports, and the import amount was about 1.6:1 compared to domestic sales, that is, domestic equipment. It accounts for 40% of the total domestic market.
Premium offset presses are mainly imported products. In 1999, it imported 344.5 million U.S. offset printing machines, which accounted for about 70% of the domestic market. Relevant information indicates that only the Heidelberger company's sales of offset presses entering the Chinese market in 1999-2000 were approximately equal to the total sales of home-made offset presses in 1999. Among offset presses, single- and double-color offset presses have dominated domestic machines, while multi-color offset presses with higher technological content have been mainly imported. According to statistics, since the reform and opening up, imported multi-color sheetfed offset printing machines accounted for about 75% of the domestic market. Corresponding to this, the market share of home-made sheetfed offset presses has been decreasing year by year. According to statistics, from 1998 to 1999, 420 sheetfed offset presses were imported, and 79 domestically-made machines were used. The market share of imported machines was 84.17%. In the web offset printing press, the situation is even more serious. There are about 30 commercial web offset presses in China. Only one is a domestic machine, and 60,000 sheets/hour multicolor web offset presses are used for news 90%. The above are all imported machines.
More than 200 mid-range flexographic presses are imported at home, accounting for more than 90% of the domestic market.
More than 580 imported equipment for gravure presses in the mid-range and above, and most of the market is occupied by foreign machines.
Digital presses, which have just begun research in China, are currently all imported.
3. Post-press equipment gap
Mainly varieties of incomplete specifications, product automation, intelligent control level is low, high-end equipment depends on imports.
At present, domestically-made die-cutting machines, paper cutters, and horse-riding staplers basically meet the demand, and only a few high-grade equipment are imported. The main difference is that the level of automation and intelligent control of domestic equipment needs to be further improved, and the appearance quality needs to be improved.
High-end flat-packed joints, high-end hardcover co-motivators, high-end folder-gluers, bag-making machines, high-grade glazing machines, circular presses and die-cutting machines, high-end slitting machines, carton production lines, dry wet-laid compounding machines, ticket production lines and other equipment Basically rely on imports. The level of automation and intelligent control of domestic equipment is low, and the reliability needs to be improved.
4. The gap of printing equipment
There is a wide variety of printing equipment. The overall gap is incomplete varieties, poor product performance and quality, and high-grade equipment mainly depends on imports.
Offset plate: CTP plate, all rely on imports. The domestic silver salt CTP plate is still in the development stage, and the international thermal CTP plate has become the mainstream. Ordinary PS version, the production capacity is greater than the demand; some high-end PS version still need to import; negative PS version basically rely on imports.
Flexo plate: medium and low flexo plates can be produced domestically, high-grade flexo plates also need to import. According to statistics, domestic demand in 1999 was 100,000 square meters, and about 90% needed import.
Film: At present, the quality of laser image films is largely different from that of foreign countries.
Ink: At present, UV inks, color ink-jet printing inks, modern office equipment inks, thermosetting inks, etc. are widely different from foreign countries, and some product quality needs to be further improved. Some products are still blank domestically.
Blanket: Ordinary blankets can meet domestic demand, high-grade air-cushion blankets mainly rely on imports, domestic blankets can not meet the needs of high-speed printing.
Paper: High-grade printing paper and paperboard parts need to be imported. In 1999, more than 8 million tons of domestic paper and paperboard were printed, and 6.5 million tons were imported. The import volume accounted for 45% of the total supply.
influences
The impact of the accession to the WTO on the printing, equipment, and equipment industries generally indicates both opportunities and challenges. Opportunities are greater than challenges.
Opportunity: To join the WTO will help promote China's reform and opening up, promote economic development and structural adjustment, promote the improvement of people’s living standards, accelerate the process of urbanization in China, and promote the demand for information and cultural products. This will promote the development of the printing industry and bring unprecedented opportunities for the development of printing and printing equipment and equipment.
Challenge: After joining the WTO, foreign-related enterprises have entered the Chinese printing industry has become a general trend. The entry of foreign companies will have a strong impact on China's printing companies and printing equipment and equipment companies with their abundant funds, first-rate equipment, scientific management, and flexible management methods. This is the first point. Secondly, the development of high technology and the advancement of digital networking will create new challenges for traditional printing and printing equipment and equipment companies. After joining the WTO, this challenge and impact will be more direct and more serious. Third, the withdrawal of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises from the general competition field will inevitably lead the printing industry enterprises to proceed.
gap
Since the reform and opening up, although China's printing and equipment equipment industry has made great progress, but compared with foreign industries, there is still a big gap. The following is a description of the two industries of printing and equipment.
I. Gap in the printing industry
The overall disparity in the printing industry is the excess of general printing capacity, the lack of high-end fine print capabilities, and poor efficiency.
Specifically:
Per capita prints are too small. China's printing industry ranks among the top in the world in terms of total volume. However, the per capita level is still quite backward. According to statistics, the annual per capita consumption of printed materials in China is 3 to 4 US dollars, while Japan is 470 US dollars, the United States is 316 US dollars. Per capita annual paper consumption in China is 5-7 kg, while in Japan and the United States, 240 kg and 340 kg respectively.
Regional development is extremely uneven. The development of the East, Central and West is uneven. According to relevant statistics in 1999, 10 provinces and cities in the west accounted for 56% of the country's total area, and the population accounted for 23%. The output value of the printing industry (books, packaging, newspapers, and other) accounted for only 16.3%. There is also a wide gap between the internal development of the East, Central and West regions. For example, the output value of the printing industry in Guangdong accounts for 10.1% of the total output value of the printing industry in the whole country and 75% of the total in South China. The output value of the printing industry in Shaanxi Province accounts for 7.1% of the national total output value and 75.3% of the total in the northwestern region.
Unbalanced supply and demand in the printing market. General printing capacity is too high, high-grade fine printing capacity is insufficient, and corporate profits are generally poor. In 1999, the Press and Publications Administration investigated 370 book printing companies. Of these, 90% of companies can only produce in single classes. Many companies even have insufficient tasks in a single class. In addition, the declining trend of benefits was obvious. In 1999, there were 129 book and periodical printing companies in 1228 national and provincial cities, accounting for 37% of losses. The profit and loss offsetting profits were only 405 million yuan. In the newspaper printing industry, everyone thinks that it is the best benefit. In fact, it is profitable from advertising revenue. Printing newspapers does not make money, and advertising revenue is actually bittersweet. According to statistics, in 1998, there were 36 advertising revenues over 100 million yuan, of which 16 were over 200 million yuan, 3 were over 300 million yuan, and 3 were over 600 million yuan. 36 countries accounted for less than 2% of all newspapers in the country (about 2,200 kinds of national newspapers in 1998), and advertising revenue accounted for about 70% of total revenue. The remaining 30% of advertising revenues support 98% of newspapers, showing that there are a considerable number of Newspaper printing is not a good day. There are also many companies in the packaging industry who have long-term losses or are at the edge of losses. According to a survey of 105 companies (mainly large- and medium-sized state-owned and package-printing enterprises that had achieved good returns after reform) in 1999, profit-making units (with a per capita tax of RMB 1,000-5,000) accounted for 45.7%, and 22 loss-making enterprises accounted for 21 %, the two combined accounted for 66.7%, far less than the 80s. Why does this happen? The main reason is that the general printing capacity is too large, the high-grade fine printing capacity is insufficient, and the task of strict quality and high profitability is not sufficient.
The printing equipment is backward. Prepress equipment is still basically a traditional plate making device, which is inefficient and of poor quality. Printing equipment, According to the statistics of 1,182 books and periodicals issued in 1999 in the country, among the sheetfed offset presses, multi-color machines with four or more colors account for 14.7% of all sheet-fed offset presses; the high-efficient web offset press only accounts for all of them. 14% of offset presses. Fixed-point companies are still so, other companies can imagine. It can be seen that the printing and printing companies in China are still using a lot of low-efficiency sheet-fed single-, dual-color machines and backward 01S machines, and some places are even using backward printing equipment. Basically, packaging printing is also the case. High-efficiency multi-color machines have a large amount of imports, but they are only used by a few companies. In post-press equipment, there are few efficient binding machines, and there are still a lot of manual operations for binding and post-finishing. Although newspaper printing companies have imported a lot of efficient printing machines, 70% of printing equipment is still printing poorly or simply cannot print color newspapers. About 1/3 of equipment aging needs to be gradually updated. The printing equipment, such as paper, ink supply, newspaper delivery, counting, bundling, and postal mailing, are still mainly based on manual operations. Most of the pre-press plate-making equipment still uses traditional plate-making equipment. Only a few advanced CTP equipments have imported foreign products. In short, China's printing companies are lagging behind in equipment, resulting in poor product quality, efficiency, and efficiency, and a clear lack of market competitiveness.
The craft is behind. At present, most printing companies still use traditional process methods, and only a few companies adopt advanced digital process flow.
There is a serious shortage of funds for technological transformation of printing companies.
Management is backward. Most modern enterprise management systems have not yet been established and the quality of personnel does not meet the new requirements.
The corporate structure is irrational. Small and complete, large and complete enterprises are numerous, low-grade redundant construction is serious, and there are too few large and specialized enterprises with strong competitiveness.
Second, the gap between printing equipment and equipment
The overall gap between printing equipment and equipment is: the product quality is low, the supply of medium and low-end equipment and equipment is oversupply or the balance between supply and demand, and high-end equipment and equipment mainly rely on imports.
1. The gap between prepress equipment
The basic development direction of the printing industry presented by the Drupa 2000 International Exhibition is "Digital and Networking." Prepress digital and networked development have made China's products more distant from foreign countries.
At present, our country's prepress equipment is still basically a traditional analog process equipment, and most of them are in the middle and low level. High-end equipment basically relies on imports, such as high-end scanners, high-precision automatic laser imagesetters, and color printers. The transformation of backwardness with digital process flow and equipment is an important task before us.
Digital equipment is mainly CTP plate making equipment and related equipment. Although the computer-to-plate (CTP) machine has been developed into a prototype in China, and its performance (mainly speed, resolution, degree of automation, imaging mode, etc.) has many gaps compared with the advanced level in foreign countries, performance, Quality has yet to be tested by time. CTP equipment has been rapidly promoted in developed countries. For example, of the 100 large-scale printing companies in the United States, more than half of companies have used CTP plate-making equipment, while China has less than 20 imported CTP machines, and related digital cameras and digital proofing machines. All rely on imports.
2. The gap of printing equipment
The main function is less; automation, intelligent control level is low; stability, reliability is poor. The balance between supply and demand of middle- and low-end products or oversupply, high-end equipment mainly rely on imports.
Imports exceed domestic sales. In 1999, China imported a total of 675 million U.S. dollars worth of printing equipment and spare parts, and exported 16.18 million U.S. dollars, compared with 41.7:1 for imports and exports, and the import amount was about 1.6:1 compared to domestic sales, that is, domestic equipment. It accounts for 40% of the total domestic market.
Premium offset presses are mainly imported products. In 1999, it imported 344.5 million U.S. offset printing machines, which accounted for about 70% of the domestic market. Relevant information indicates that only the Heidelberger company's sales of offset presses entering the Chinese market in 1999-2000 were approximately equal to the total sales of home-made offset presses in 1999. Among offset presses, single- and double-color offset presses have dominated domestic machines, while multi-color offset presses with higher technological content have been mainly imported. According to statistics, since the reform and opening up, imported multi-color sheetfed offset printing machines accounted for about 75% of the domestic market. Corresponding to this, the market share of home-made sheetfed offset presses has been decreasing year by year. According to statistics, from 1998 to 1999, 420 sheetfed offset presses were imported, and 79 domestically-made machines were used. The market share of imported machines was 84.17%. In the web offset printing press, the situation is even more serious. There are about 30 commercial web offset presses in China. Only one is a domestic machine, and 60,000 sheets/hour multicolor web offset presses are used for news 90%. The above are all imported machines.
More than 200 mid-range flexographic presses are imported at home, accounting for more than 90% of the domestic market.
More than 580 imported equipment for gravure presses in the mid-range and above, and most of the market is occupied by foreign machines.
Digital presses, which have just begun research in China, are currently all imported.
3. Post-press equipment gap
Mainly varieties of incomplete specifications, product automation, intelligent control level is low, high-end equipment depends on imports.
At present, domestically-made die-cutting machines, paper cutters, and horse-riding staplers basically meet the demand, and only a few high-grade equipment are imported. The main difference is that the level of automation and intelligent control of domestic equipment needs to be further improved, and the appearance quality needs to be improved.
High-end flat-packed joints, high-end hardcover co-motivators, high-end folder-gluers, bag-making machines, high-grade glazing machines, circular presses and die-cutting machines, high-end slitting machines, carton production lines, dry wet-laid compounding machines, ticket production lines and other equipment Basically rely on imports. The level of automation and intelligent control of domestic equipment is low, and the reliability needs to be improved.
4. The gap of printing equipment
There is a wide variety of printing equipment. The overall gap is incomplete varieties, poor product performance and quality, and high-grade equipment mainly depends on imports.
Offset plate: CTP plate, all rely on imports. The domestic silver salt CTP plate is still in the development stage, and the international thermal CTP plate has become the mainstream. Ordinary PS version, the production capacity is greater than the demand; some high-end PS version still need to import; negative PS version basically rely on imports.
Flexo plate: medium and low flexo plates can be produced domestically, high-grade flexo plates also need to import. According to statistics, domestic demand in 1999 was 100,000 square meters, and about 90% needed import.
Film: At present, the quality of laser image films is largely different from that of foreign countries.
Ink: At present, UV inks, color ink-jet printing inks, modern office equipment inks, thermosetting inks, etc. are widely different from foreign countries, and some product quality needs to be further improved. Some products are still blank domestically.
Blanket: Ordinary blankets can meet domestic demand, high-grade air-cushion blankets mainly rely on imports, domestic blankets can not meet the needs of high-speed printing.
Paper: High-grade printing paper and paperboard parts need to be imported. In 1999, more than 8 million tons of domestic paper and paperboard were printed, and 6.5 million tons were imported. The import volume accounted for 45% of the total supply.
influences
The impact of the accession to the WTO on the printing, equipment, and equipment industries generally indicates both opportunities and challenges. Opportunities are greater than challenges.
Opportunity: To join the WTO will help promote China's reform and opening up, promote economic development and structural adjustment, promote the improvement of people’s living standards, accelerate the process of urbanization in China, and promote the demand for information and cultural products. This will promote the development of the printing industry and bring unprecedented opportunities for the development of printing and printing equipment and equipment.
Challenge: After joining the WTO, foreign-related enterprises have entered the Chinese printing industry has become a general trend. The entry of foreign companies will have a strong impact on China's printing companies and printing equipment and equipment companies with their abundant funds, first-rate equipment, scientific management, and flexible management methods. This is the first point. Secondly, the development of high technology and the advancement of digital networking will create new challenges for traditional printing and printing equipment and equipment companies. After joining the WTO, this challenge and impact will be more direct and more serious. Third, the withdrawal of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises from the general competition field will inevitably lead the printing industry enterprises to proceed.
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